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Affective neuroscience
the study of the neural mechanisms of emotion; this field combines neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood
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Basic human emotions, translates across cultures
FSHADS: fear, sad, happy, angry, disgust, surprise!
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examples of direct measures of emotion
manipulation of emotional state followed by a self-report, or asking a subject to identify a facial expression
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examples of indirect measures of emotion
Arousal of autonomic nervous system; Galvanic skin response - GSR or SCR; Judgment and decision making - evaluate possible choices; Inhibition and facilitation of response, for example in the Emotional stroop task
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emotional reactions to stimuli can be characterized by valence: and arousal:
valence is the type of emotion, aka pleasantness or unpleasantness, good or bad, while arounsal is the intensity of the emotion (high or low)
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orbitofrontal cortex
receives strong projections from the amygdala; may be important for a different type of decision making; some people think social and emotional factors play a role in decision making; they think orbitofrontal cortex is involved with this; disconnect between knowing what’s appropriate and what you do; idea of orbitofrontal cortex applies a social inhibition on a behavior
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Utilization behavior (UB)
- type of neurobehavioral disorder that involves patients grabbing objects in view and starting
- the ‘appropriate’ behavior associated with it at an 'inappropriate' time; such a patient has difficulty resisting the impulse to operate or manipulate objects which are in his/her visual field and within reach
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patients with orbitofrontal lesions show ____ skin conductance response to disturbing stimuli
FLAT; skin conductance is a measure of sweat gland activity aka arousal
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Iowa Gambling Task
SCR is measured while patients draw cards from 4 decks, two associated with net winnings (low payoffs but low losses) and two associated with net losses (high payoffs but even higher losses); healthy controls learn gamble in a way that maximizes winnings; patients with orbitofrontal lesions learn the task but fail to favor decks that result in net winnings; in ADDITION, SCR increases in healthy patients when they draw/gamble from the risky deck, but this fails to occur in lesioned patients
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conclusion of the deciding before knowing part of the test:
this time every 10 cards someone would ask the participants if they thought they knew what was going on, aka ask them to verbalize which were risky and which weren't; concluded that normal subjects are using autonomic arousal to make their decision but VMPC lesions weren't because they didn't stop drawing from the risky decks
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Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis:
emotional information in the form of physiological arousal is needed for decision making; this doesn't hold true for the gambling task
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amygdala lesions:
there is a deficit in fear conditioning following amygdala damage but intact conscious knowledge of the association between CS and UCS (so like light or a noise, and shock)
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in humans, emotional learning can occur in the ABSENCE of ________ memory
declarative; some examples include a Korsakoff's patient being pinpricked when shaking hands with a doctor, not REMEMBERING the actual prick but refusing to shake hands again
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LeBar's study of the woman with amygdala damage:
- patients with amygdala damage have no trouble associating conditioned stimuli with an impending unconditioned stimuli (shock), but they don't display the same SCR as do normal patients; after cue of blue square, woman didn't exhibit classic SCR even though she knew a shock was coming; implication: our ability to associate in quick/real time the potential threat of things in our environment could depended on the amygdala
- -OPPOSITE is found in the hippocampus; person might show a skin conductance response after cue but then wouldn’t remember that there was an association between shock and blue square
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