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Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542)
- * courtier of Henry VIII
- * brought the Petrarchan sonnet (or love sonnet) to England
- - rhyme scheme: abba abba cde cde
- - 14 lines iambic pentameter
- - octet (problem/situation) + sestet (answer/comment)
- * had a �thing� for Anne Bolyn (who was beheaded by Henry VIII)
- * published by Tottle in Tottle�s Miscellany
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�Whoso list to hunt, I know where is an hind��
- * Wyatt
- * pun on deer/dear
- * use of hyperbole in line 8: �Since in a net I seek to hold the wind�
- * archaic language
- * extended metaphor/conceit: love = hunt
- * noli me tangere = don�t touch me
- * volta or shift beginning with �since�
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�They flee from me that Sometime did me Seek�
- * Wyatt
- * not a sonnet, about a strong woman + weak man
- * has animal imagery
- * bitter tone
- * funny poem passed around the court
- * inversion in title draws attention
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Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
- * courtier of Henry VIII
- * beheaded by Henry at 30 because he was a rival to the throne (royal blood)
- * introduced blank verse in English poetry (unrhymed iambic pentameter)
- * gave sonnet rhyme scheme that became the English/Shakespearean sonnet
- - 3 quatrains and a couplet
- - rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg
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�Love that doth reign and live within my thought�
- * Surrey
- * 1st quatrain is about battle words, male's thoughts
- * 2nd about female reaction (anger)
- * 3rd about love�s retreat
- * 4th is like a punchline: �I will love her no matter what�
- * published in Tottle�s Miscellany
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Sir Walter Raleigh
- * Queen Elizabeth�s confidential secretary, captain of her guard, her lover
- * had passion for being a soldier, colonization, tobacco (1st Englishman to smoke it)
- * convicted by James I of treason, put him in Tower of London in 1603
- * executed in 1618
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�Nature, that washed her hands�
- * Raleigh
- * personification of nature, love, time
- * mother nature = woman
- * time = man
- * theme is that time destroys everything
- * caustic
- * cynical, not typical of a Petrarchan lover
- * has an apostrophe: "Oh, cruel time," addressing something not there, can't respond
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"What Is Our Life"
- * Raleigh
- * life is a play ("short comedy"/"play of passion")
- * microcosm (little world) of macrocosm (big world)
- * laughter is music, wombs are dressing rooms, heaven is an audience/judge, graves are curtains
- * light hearted during quatrains
- * shift occurs in final couplet, becomes serious
- * no curtain call
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"The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd"
- * Raleigh
- * 1600
- * Philomel is an allusion to a mythical character who turned into a nightingale
- * reply to Marlowe's pastoral lyric: "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"
- * tempus fugit doesn't allow for carpe diem as short time allows few mistakes
- * says that the world is not young
- * reverses Marlowe's positive words into negative images
- * woman says to man the his promises will not last
- * winter inevitably follows spring
- * "nymphs grow old and shepherds grow cold"
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Sir Philip Sidney
- * soldier of the queen
- * fought in battle, led 600 Englishmen against 4,500 Spaniards
- * wounded in thigh, died of gangrene
- * wrote first substantial critical essay defending imaginative literature
- * wrote first sonnet sequence/cycle, Astrophel and Stella
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Astrophel and Stella
- * Sidney
- * star-lover and star)
- * 1st sonnet sequence/cycle
- * 108 poems to Penelope Devereux
- * Petrarchan lover = modest, unrequited love
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"Loving in truth"
- * Sidney
- * about writer's block, how he loves but doesn't know how to say it
- * looked at other writer's poems
- * "fresh and fruitful showers" = ideas, productivity
- * metaphor of being pregnant, wanting to give birth to thought
- * Muse = allusion in shift where he decides to think for himself
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"With how sad steps"
- * Sidney
- * asks the moon about how bad women are, if they're the same in heaven
- * concerns love and women
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Edmund Spenser
- * "poet's poet"
- * wrote the Faerie Queene (longest poem in English language, even though he didn't even finish it)
- * wrote Amoretti ("little love") sonnet cycle/sequence to Elizabeth Boyle (2nd wife)
- * buried in poet's corner
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"the Faerie Queene"
- * Spenser
- * Canto 8, the one we read in the book, is an allegory: a Christian beguiled by falsehood loses his purity, falling to pride can can only be restored by truth
- * Prince Arthur and Una (one/truth/purity) go to Orgolio's Castle (Orgolio = pride)
- * Arthur kills the 7-headed beast and disrobes Duessa (two/falsehood) who has the (starving) Redcrosse Knight
- * when Duessa's ugliness is known, she retreats to the wilderness
- * Duessa = Mary Queen of Scots; calls herself "Fidessa," or faithfulness
- * Orgolio = Pope of Rome
- * Gloriane = Queen Elizabeth
- * Redcrosse Knight = knight of holiness/country of England
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the 7 deadly sins
- - idleness (sloth)
- - gluttony
- - lechery (lust)
- - avarice (greed)
- - envy
- - wrath
- - pride (worst of the sins, leads to all the rest)
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"Sonnet 30"
- * Spenser
- * about unreciprocated love
- * very paradoxical (ice is kindling to fire, fire freezes ice)
- * metaphorical (his love his fire, her hate is ice)
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"Sonnet 75"
- * Spenser
- * about immortality of love
- * his lover's name written in the sand may wash away, but love will live forever in his poetry about her
- * name in the sand = archetypal
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Christopher Marlowe
* "spy who died with a dagger in his eye"
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"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"
- * Marlowe
- * 1599
- * pastoral lyric
- - expresses emotions in an idyllic setting
- - related to "pasture," as in shepherds writing songs to their flocks
- * themes are carpe diem and immediate gratification of sexual passion
- * "free love" movement of the 1960's
- * love in the springtime, a "roll in the grass," would be like returning to the Garden of Eden
- * passed around like a joke, supposedly
- * replied to by Raleigh from the nymph's perspective (shoots him down)
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Shakespeare
- * wrote a lot of poems to a boy (possibly to his son, right?)
- * obviously wrote in Shakespearean/English sonnets
- * pretty famous guy
- * married Anne Hathaway in a shotgun wedding (he was 18, she was 26)
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"Sonnet 46"
- * Shakespeare
- * eye beauty/love vs. heart beauty/love
- * court/law conceit throughout
- * ends by giving outward love to his eyes and inward love to his heart
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"Sonnet 29"
- * Shakespeare
- * man pities himself and is jealous of other man's hope, looks, friends, talents
- * metaphor to being a lark who sings to the heavens
- * heaven changes from being deaf to hymnal
- * "when I'm with you, I don't wanna be anybody else"
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"Sonnet 73
- * Shakespeare
- * fall = old age * winter = death
- * spring = birth * summer = youth
- * seasons as metaphors/conceits are archetypal
- * boughs = limbs
- * metaphors of time of day: night is death, obviously
- * west is death, sunset
- * paradox: "consumed with that which it was nourished by"
- * couplet at end: "you see how I'm growing old, but it makes our love stronger"
- * carpe diem: "ceize the day"
- * tempus fugit: "time flies"
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"Sonnet 116"
- * Shakespeare
- * personification of love
- * love is permanent
- * love>time
- * "edge of doom" = end of time
- * last couplet: if this poem isn't true, than I'm not a writer, and no man has ever loved!
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"Sonnet 130"
- * Shakespeare
- * not typical, basically calls his lady ugly
- * but he loves her anyway
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*Petrarchan conventions:
- - devotion by lover (man)
- - rejection by loved (woman)
- - complaining persona
- - unrequited love (sonnet sequence/cycle)
- - use of paradox and metaphor
- - physical vs. spiritual love
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