Tendency to view everything in relationship to oneself.
Egocentrism
Thinking about thinking in order to make thinking better.
Critical thinking
Critical thinking involves __________ one's own thinking.
analyzing, evaluating, and improving
Not a bad habit of thought.
Reasoning from assumptions that are not one's own.
In thinking through a problem, the critical thinker does NOT
gather information that supports his/her presuppositions
Another term for critical thinking
Second-order thinking
Hiding or distorting evidence is a tendency of what kind of thinking?
Weak-sense thinking
In the classroom, critical thinking shifts the premium from ______ of thought to ________of thought.
speed / depth
Bringing an unbiased perspective to all relevant viewpoints exemplifies which of the following?
fair-mindedness
The ability to reconstruct others' viewpoints exemplifies this.
intellectual empathy
To admit flaws in one's own thinking is an expression of what?
intellectual humility
The opposite of intellectual conformity is...
intellectual autonomy
Represents the second stage of critical thinking development
Challenged Thinker
Evaluates the extent to which life's events are either positive or negative
Feeling
All reasoning has a purpose, seeks to settle some question, is based on assumptions, occurs from some point of view, is based on information, is shaped by concepts, contains inferences by and gives meaning to information, and has implications and conseque
Guidelines for using Intellectual Standards
Being near to the true value or meaning of something
Accuracy
What logically follows from reasoning
Implication
A logical process of drawing conclusions
Inference
Being unambiguous and easily understood
Clarity
General categories or ideas by which we interpret or classify information used in our thinking
Concepts
The goal or objective of reasoning
Purpose
Unstated or hidden beliefs that support our explicit reasoning
Assumptions
The elements of reasoning are also known as the...
parts of thinking and fundamental structures of thought
Occurs whenever the mind draws conclusions based on reasons.
Reasoning
Which elements of reasoning are operative when we think through a problem?
All eight elements of reasoning
Goal or desired outcome of our reasoning.
Purpose
We take for granted as true in our reasoning.
Assumption
What follows from our reasoning?
Implications
Examples of concepts
Theories
In reasoning, we make __________ based on __________.
inferences / assumptions
Distinctions between the elements of reasoning.
Relative
Memorizing information without understanding.
Inert information
Mentally taking in and actively using false information
Activated ignorance
Three kinds of implications that may be involved in any situation.
Possible, probable, and necessary
Thinking that is easily understood reflects which intellectual standard?
Clarity
Reasoning that is specific, exact and sufficiently detailed.
Precise
A question with one correct answer.
Question of fact
A question with many possible subjective answers.
Question of preference
A question with competing and debatable answers.
Question of judgment
In analyzing causation, looking for a single shared factor.
Common factor method
In analyzing causation, looking for a causal factor that is present in one situation but absent in another, similar situation
Single difference method
In analyzing causation, looking for a pattern of variation between a possible cause and a possible effect
Concomittant variation
In analyzing causation, successively ruling out non-causal factors until one correct causal factor remains
Process of elimination
A systemic, disciplined approach to asking questions aimed at assessing truth
Socratic questioning
These questions have more than one answer, with some answers better than others.
Questions of judgment
Do you like watching ice hockey or basketball?
Question of preference
Questions that have only one answer.
Questions of fact
Paul and Elder counsel that you take problems and decisions ...
One-by-one, not merging them together
In analyzing causation, looking for a causal factor that is present in one situation,but absent in another, similar situation is called the...
single difference method
A scientist discovered that all laboratory hamsters that had been eating lettuce developed Salmonella poisoning. This is an example of causation by:
common factor
A mechanic ruled out failures in 10 different engine parts before finding the problem in the carburator. This is an example of
process of elimination
In strategic thinking, recognizing when your thinking is irrational or flawed is which component?
Identification
In strategic thinking, engaging and challenging your own thinking is which component?
Intellectual action
To analyze the logic of an article, one can apply..
elements of reasoning
Reasoning can only be as sound as the _______ it is based on.
Information
Actively using information that is false, although we mistakenly think it is true is an example of...
Activated ignorance
A common problem with applying the critial thinking standard of clarity to information is...
the information isn't clear
The implicit believe that support our explicit reasoning about something.
Assumptions
Critical thinking experts call an unsupported claim...
an opinion
Key factor in tracing the origins of information.
Transparency
Paul ad Elder argue that ________, not Uncritical Persons, know how to manipulate
Skilled Manipulators
Citing majority sentiment or popular opinion as the reason for supporting a claim
appeal to popularity
Dismissing an argument by attacking the person who offers it rather than by refuting its reasoning
ad hominem fallacy
Plausible alternative explanation for why something happened.
Rival cause
Understanding, monitoring, employing, developing, and embracing
Characteristics of an Advanced Thinker
The belief that one's own thinking or life is superior to others.
Egocentrism
The belief thta one's own society or group is superior to others.
Sociocentrism
Principles for correct human behavior acknowledged by reasonable people.
Universal ethical standards
Remembering only that evidence and information that supports our thinking.
Egocentric memory
Overgeneralizing so that immediate event, whether favorable or unfavorable, influence thinking.
Egocentric immediacy
Feeling superior because of possessing the "Truth"
Egocentric righteousness
Ignorning inconsistencies between belief and behavior and between public standards and private actions
Egocentric hypocrisy
Adopting an overly narrow point of view and thinking in absolutes
Egocentric myopia
An effective approach to correcting egocentric myopia.
consider points of views that conflict with ours
Another term for egocentric thinking.
rigidity of thought
An example of the logic of egocentric thinking aplied to point of view.
I don't really care what anyone thinks, I deserve to be rewarded and that's the way it is.
Ignorning complexity and embracing a version of reality that conforms to our existing views, values, and beliefs.
Egocentric oversimplification
Paul and Elder argue that we ...
pick and choose our ethical principles subjectively.
Paul and Elder believe that ethical principles common to all humans can be found here.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Advanced thinkers are unlikely to make decisions by...
instinct
Involves developing the tools of critical thinking and applying them to current and future challenges.
Deep learning
Doesn't produce lasting knowledge or comprehension.
Shallow learning
When is the optimal time for a learner to apply the Elements of Reasoning to the logic of a subject?
Before the learner has begun his /her course of study
Higher order thinking does NOT contribute to the gap, if anything it would act to narrow it.
True
The science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing quantitative data
Statistics
The average derived by adding up all the values and dividing the sum by the total number of values
Mean
The average represented by the middle value in a series of values
Median
A graph that plots the relationship between 2 or more variables by using connected data points
Line graph
The total or aggregate of something, expressed as a number without relationship to other numbers
Absolute number
Incorrect or erroneous information
Misinformation
A study sample that is representative of the whole population
Random sample
The value that appears most requently in a series of values
Mode
The gap between the smallest and largest values in a series of values
Statistical range
The frequency with which each value in a series of values occurs
Statistical distribution
Which of the following graphical forms is well suited to summarizing tiem series data?
Line graph
It is impossible to interpret the significance of a percentage without knowing the ________ on which it is based.
Absolute numbers
Which report of risk reduction conveys a more significant treatment effect?
Relative
Purposes; questions; assumptions' implications' information; concepts; inferences; points of view
