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hatching
a series of lines that follow the contours of the form
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draw
to create the impression of shapes and forms on a surface through the use of lines
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medium
the material with which an artist works (watercolor,oil paint,charcol)
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line drawing
3 dimensional objects may be depicted by means of lines drawn to follow their outlines
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stippling
soft clusters of dots to develop areas of different values or colors
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graphite
a soft form of carbon mixed with clay encased in wood
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dry medium
graphite,carcoal,silverpoint
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sketch
thinking on paper,studying the proportions,lines and dynamic of gestures
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gestural
revealing the artists hand at work their personality or energy
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marks
reflect movements and skill
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conte crayon
fine texured,grease free stick made from powdered graphite and clay. Red ocher,soot and blackstone is added for color.
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resin
binding agent used to make pastels
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pastel
a chalky stick made with powdered pigment plus filler. deposits massive color when rubbed on textured paper
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sfumato
italian for a smoky appearence that softens lines and contours
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cartoon
a full sized drawing done as a model for a painting
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chalk
natually ocuring deposit of calcium carbonate and varying minerals,built up from fossil seashells
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fixative
coating a drawing to prevent smudging
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charcoal
charred wood or vines in varying widths and hardness,moves freely across the paper
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silverpoint
15th and 16th centuries;a hard finely pointed rod in a holder. The paper is coated w/a white pigment that will hold the grains of metal
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Pen and ink
drawing done with liquid medium usually ink...it produces uniform or varied lines according to pressure and direction of pen.
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wash
thinned with water or spirit to soften or diluite lines
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brush and ink
application of ink without any penned marks(oriental)
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Buddhism
places great emphasis on direct spiritual experience. The unity of all underlying things
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painting
coating a surface with colored areas using a hand tool
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pigments
particles of color
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indirect method
execute a painting in stages,beginning with drawing.
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underpainting
defining major forms and values in a painting
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direct method (alla prima)
painting imagery directly onto the support without underlayers
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impasto
spontaneity in brush strokes (Van Gogh)
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Gesso
a treatment to canvas(titanium dioxide) to keep oils from rotting canvas
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unsized
untreated canvases,usually used with acrylics
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encaustic
mixing pigments with wax. early method used by Greeks,Romans and egyptians
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fresco
"fresh" in Italian,made famous by Renaissance painters
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Buon fresco
traditional fresco technique,must be created quickly,allowing little room for error
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intonaco
a fine powder applied to fresco wall,applied over the cartoon in small sections
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A secco
paint applied to plaster after it has dried
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tempera
mixing pigments with water and a glutinous substance(egg yolk)
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modulations
variations of light and textures
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burnished
rubbed to a gloss
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terra verte
green earth used in underpaintings
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luminosity
a technique where underpainting and overpainting with layers of glazes causes the painting to have a glowing look
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Glaze
films of pigments suspended in a transparent medium
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Scumbling
brushing one opaque latyer of paint on top of a dried lower lyaer in such a way that some of the undercolor still shows through
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gouache
An opaque medium that is water-soluble and mixed with inert pigments for opacity
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ground
the surface on which a two-dimensional work is developed
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mandala
circular symbolic design
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synthetic method
chemically created medium
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acrylic emulsion
water-based medium that can be used straight from the tube with techniques similar to those of oil paints
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airbrush
thins out acrylics and sprays them out in a fine mist
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collage
a compilation of documents and drawings that have a collective meaning glued on a two-dimensional surface
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Mosaic
picture composed of small pieces of colored ceramic tile, glass, pebble, marble, or wood.
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tesserae
cubes of natural stone that can readily be distinguished in a detail view but not from a distance.
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mixed media
New forms of art that cross all boundaries made by former artworks
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prints
images made by transference of ink from a wrked surface onto a piece of paper usually in multiples
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monotype
printmaking process in which the artist paints an image directly onto a sheet of metal or glass with printer's ink or paint and then presses paper onto it to transfer the image
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blind embossed
covers of books pressed against an uninked cut plate of metal to create an image taht can be seen only when it is turned against the light to bring out hte shadows in its indentations
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relief
when an object is carved so that lines and areas to be printed are raised above areas that will stay blank
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woodcut
a drarwing of the intended image is created on or transferred to a smooth block of soft wood
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Ukiyo-e
A japanese printing technique that cuts a series of precisely matched blocks, each having only the area to be printed in a certain color raised as a printing surface.
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mezzotint
a printmaking technique in which an overall burr is raised on the surface of the metal plate and then smoothed in places, creating various tones and textures
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planographic
referring to a printmaking technique in which images are transferred from a flat surface
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lithography
a printmaking technique in which a flat stone or metal or plastic plate is drawn on with a greasy substance that retains ink when the wettened plate is inked for printing
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offset lithography
a commercial printmaking process in which the inking of illustrastions and text is offset fro mthe plate onto a rubber-covered cylinder that transfers them to paper so that the printed image reads the same way as the original, rather than reversed
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wood engraving
when the end-grain is cut instead of being cut lengthwise
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aquatint
printing method that creates toned areas rather than etching lines
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gouge
the small cuts and divets used in wood engraving made by burins and gravers
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relief-block printing
the use of wood blocks to create reliefs
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linocuts
Cuts in linoleum that can be equally smooth and uniform in any direction
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reduction print
method of continually cutting away areas ona single block
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intaglio
the image is cut finto the surface of the plate and thin ink is applied to the plate and the paper is pressed onto the plate to absorb the ink in the shape of the image
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color separation
done by computerized color scanners in commercial reproduction
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transparency
a flexible transparent photograph of the work
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four-color press
four separate plates with four separate colors (yellow, magenta, cyan, and black)
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color scanner
computerized technique that distinguishes between colors and separates them
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silkscreen
a fine silk or synthetic fiber screen stretched across a wooden frame is masked in places by a cut paper or plastic stencil or by lacquer, glue, or lithographic crayon
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line engraving
the image is drawn on a plate of metal such as copper or copper faced with steel
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burin
steel rod with a sharpened point and and a wooden handle used to cut lines
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etching
a plate is coated with a waxy, acid-resistant substance. The image is drawn into this coating and the plate is bathed in an acid solution that bites grooves into metal where the needle has cut through the resist
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resist
waxy, acid-resistant coating involved in etching
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state
individual stage of etching
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vellum
a fine parchment made of animal skin
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drypoint
a sharp device used for scratching lines directly into a copper plate
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serigraph
a version of a silkscreen
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photocopying
an original of some sort is exposed to a bright light; the light refleccts off the white areas, is totally absorbed by the dark areas, and is reflected to varying degrees by gray and colored areas
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FAX art
xeroxing of paintings
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mixed print media
new ways to print such as photocopying and fax art
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Camera Obscura
a dark chamber in which the image of an object enters through a lens or small opening and is focused on a facing wall
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photogram
photogenic drawing created by laying objects on paper coated with light-sensitive chemicals and then exposeding it to light
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exposure
placing the photogram in light after bathing in light-sensitive chemicals
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negative
the result of an exposure in which the paper turns dark and the objects of the image appear light
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daguerrreotype
process created by Joseph-Nicephore Niepce and Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre
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Pictoralist Movement
time period when photography became popular and considered a fine art
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Documentary
pictures taken by hired photographers to capture the poverty and destitute conditions to waken public concern for social welfare
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depth of field
a quality maximized by new photography technology
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resolution
sharpness of detail in a digitized image
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digitize
when a photograph is stored as pixels on a digital camera
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tonal range
the number of steps in the value scale a sensor can use to approximate the continuous tones of a subject
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dynamic range
the degree of difference between the darkest and lightest values a sensor can register
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persistence of vision
consistency in a series of photographs
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cinematography
the application of photography to moving images
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expressionist
artists sought to express the meaning of being alive and emotional experience instead of physical reality
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Avant-garde
a group that thinks of itself as innovative and ahead of the majority
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montage
the splicing together at editing stage of a variety of shots of brief duration to produce a complex visual statement
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flashbacks
parts of a cinema that temporarily go back in time to related events that happened earlier
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compact discs
musical information encoded as microscopic pits on a polished surface read by laser beams
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digital video discs
video information encoded as microscopic pits on a polished surface read by a laser beam
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mulitmedia
more than one form of media being put together to form one product
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