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igneous rocks from from...
example
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intrusive igneous rocks
- crystalize below surface
- cools slowly
- coarse texture
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extrusive igneous rocks
- crystalize at the surface
- cool quickly
- fine grained texture
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magma type from high silica to low silica (3)
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fine --> coarse
- rhyolite --> granite
- andesite --> diorite
- basalt --> gabbro
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magma composition from high silica to low silica (4)
- felsic (granite, rhyolite)
- intermediate (diorite, andesite)
- mafic (gabbro, basalt)
- ultramafic
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accresionary wedge
marine sedimente being pushed towards subduction zone
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cementation
- reduce pore space between sediments
- water expelled
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higher temperature and pressure makes
metamorphic rocks
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low pressure and temperature makes
sedimentary rocks
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igneous + heat and pressure =
metamorphic
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contact metamorphism
magma injected through the ground, increasing the temperature
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regional metamorphism
under mountains
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law of horizontality
layers are always horizontal unless something happens to it later
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principle of superposition
rocks on bottom is older than rocks on the top
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cross-cutting relations
tying layers of different location based on sediments
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unconformities
gaps in geologic time
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nonconformity
contact surface of different types of sediments
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angular unconformity
border of layers that's diagonal and horizontal
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disconformity
the orientation of older strata are parallel to younger strata
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biostratigraphy
use biological fossils to tell relative time
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what % of water is in ocean
97.5
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hydrologic cycle is what type of system
- closed
- but an island is an open system
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residence time
- amount (or volume) / rate
- 12 cookies in a jar, 3 cookies a day
- residence time = 4 days (12/3)
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densest water is what temperature
4C
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water table
boundary between ground and water in the ground
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perennial
stream that has water all year
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ephemeral
stream that sometimes has water
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drain basic/water shed/catchment
smaller streams going into bigger river
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cut bank
outer side of the curve of a river that's going faster and erodes
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point bar
inner side of a curve of a river that's going slower and deposits
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oxbow lake
meandered river ends up with a C-shape lake
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cutoff
the newly disconnected part of an oxbow lake
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10-year flood and 100-year flood
- 10-year flood: 10% chance of having discharge
- 100-year flood: 1%
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saturation zone
where there is water in the ground
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cone of depression
well depresses water table
-
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aquiclude
impermeable rock
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snowline
lowest elevation where there is snow all the time
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basal flow
melt the boundary of ice and ground and lubricate
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glacial striations
lines left by glacial movement erosions
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pheonicians
- 1st to explore sea
- Mediterranean and Red Sea
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main ions in seawater
- chloride (55.07%)
- sodium (30.62%)
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low salinity
- equator
- a lot of precipitation
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halocline
depth of ocean where temperature rapidly changes
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thermocline
depth of ocean where temperature rapidly changes
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pycnocline
depth of ocean where density rapidly changes
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determines density
temperature and salinity
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Coriolis effect on Earth
- N hemisphere: right
- S hemisphere: left
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ekman spiral and ekman transport
- surface current is 45 degrees to the right compared to the wind
- net transport is defected 90 degrees from the wind to the right
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passive vs active continental margins
- passive margin: no plate boundary
- active margin: trench
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1/2 wave height =
amplitude
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wave base
- deep into the water where there is no movement anymore
- 1/2 wave length
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Venus has what % of CO2
97
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troposphere
- lowest layer
- weather happens here
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