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3 steps to complex life
- chemosynthesis
- biosynthesis
- development of complex chemical machinery: DNA, RNA
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primordial soup
- hypothesis of early life
- products of chemosynthesis collecting in surface waters and clumping together
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soup and sandwich hypothesis
- hypothesis of early life
- modification of primordial soup
- spaces between mica layers may have provided exactly the right conditions for earliest life
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black smokers
- early life hypothesis
- vents in the ocean
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panspermia
- early life hypothesis
- seeds of life came from meteorite
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1st person to recognize that the fossils are from ancient life and is more than 1 event
Leonardo da Vinci
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fossil must be at least how many years old?
10,000
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paleontology
geological implications
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paleobiology
ancient biological implications
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geobiology
geological and ancient biological implications
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systematic
- describing morphology
- applying taxonomy
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functional morphology
think how body parts work
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paleoecology
interactions of different organisms
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community structure
interactions between different species
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paleoclimatology
infer past climates
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taphonomy
processes of fossilization
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biostratigraphy
dating technique using fossils
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oldest fossils
3.5 billion
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photosynthesis (when?)
3-3.5 billion
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stromatolites (early photosynthesizers) abundant when
2.5 billion
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1st eukaryotic cells (with nucleus)
1.5 billion
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1st multicellular organisms (when)
700 million
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early life was
- anaerobic
- absence of oxygen
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membrane invagination
a cell folded into itself and formed a nucleus
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symbiosis
2 independent prokaryotic cells combined and formed a nucleus
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1st skeletonized metazoans (animals) (when)
543 million years ago
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events in Ordovician (2)
- 1st vertebrates: jawless fish
- increase in marine invertebrate
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events in Silurian (2)
- Golden Age of Fish: jawed
- 1st invertebrates and plants
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events in Devonian (2)
- 1st land vertebrates
- armored fish
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events in Carboniferous (4)
- symnosperms (conifer, no flower)
- early reptiles
- 1st winged insects
- coal deposits
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events in Permian (3)
- Pangaea
- largest mass extinction ("The Great Dying")
- toxic sea water
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events in Triassic (1)
1st beetles, mammals, and dinosaurs
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events in Jurassic (1)
1st birds
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events in Cretaceous (4)
- 1st flowering plants
- modern birds
- mass extinction
- mammal radiation
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mass extinction in Cretaceous (4)
- elevated CO2
- extreme global warming
- high sea level
- meteor hit
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events in Tertiary (2)
- hominids
- flower plants radiation
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when did Homo sapience appear?
100-200,000 years ago
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Jack Sepkoski
pioneering contributions to our understanding of fossil records and diversification of animal life
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Sepkoski curve
shows 3 major evolutionary faunas and 5 mass extinctions
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3 major evolutionary faunas
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5 mass extinctions
- late Ordovician
- late Devonian
- end Permian
- end Triassic
- K/T
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end-Pleistocene Megafaunal extinctions
what is it
how did it happen
- big mammals went out in multiple continents
- over-kill by humans?
- climate change
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K/T
- extinction of dinosaurs
- radiation of mammals
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delayed extinction
- dodo extinction 1681 by humans
- calvaria tree: last generation because of dodo's extinction (zombie taxa)
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