Vocabulary1.csv

east of Suez Canal east of Ural Mountains south of Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black Seas Bounded in the East by the Pacific Ocean south by the Indian Ocean and North by the Arctic

Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North and South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam and Yemen.

"""the East"" traditionally a designation for anything that belongs to the Eastern word/Far East from the perspective of Europe."

word from Greek Russia strattles on both side Asia was Anatolia east of Turkey

Turkey in Asia

Considered father of History (5th c. BCE) stated three distinct regions: Europa Libya and Asia

core region of the Asian continent from Caspian Sea in the West China east Afghanistan south and Russia north (also called Middle Asia)

China Taiwan Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Hong Kong and Macau (Tibet?)

Chinese-speaking regions: China Hong Kong Taiwan Japan Korea and Vietnam

India Pakistan BangladeshBhutan Nepal MaldivesAfghanistan Iran Sri Lanka. Sometimes Myanmar and Tibet Myanma (burma)

south of China east of India and north of Australia.

(Indochina) Cambodia Laos Burma (Myanmar)? Thailand Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia. South China?

(Malay Archipelago) Brunei East Timor Indonesia the Philipines and Singapore. Geographically-Hong Kong Macau and Taiwan

(Middle East) Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen and Iran.

Russia in Asia

Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Taijkistan Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan

1947 India gain independence

Scientific study of human language. Can be broken into three categories: study of language form of language meaning and of language in context.

system of rules followed by the speakers. Morphology syntax phonology and phonetics.

formation and composition of words study of minimal meaningful units of language and their combination

formation and composition of phrases and sentences from words.

sound systems study of sounds as discrete abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning

properties of speech sounds nonspeech sounds and how they are produced and perceived.

how languages employ logical structures and real-world references to convey process and assign meaning. Semantics and pragmatics.

how meaning is inferred from words and concepts. Study of relationship betwwen meanings and their expression in human languages

how meaning is inferred from context.

evolutionary historical socio psycho neuro language acquisition and discourse analysis.

origins of language

explores language change

relation between linguistic variation and social structures.

explores the representation and funtion of language in the mind

language processing in the brain

how children or adults acquire language

structure of texts and conversations.

general study of signs and symbols within and without language

study the use of language in literature.

a student of language one who studies language. Mistaken as someone who speak many languages fluently.

pairing of meaning and form.

A person who knows or speaks many languages

describing actual language use (synchronic)

describing language use in terms of how some group think it ought to be.

Language use by the speakers

language as percieved by the listeners

natural vs. artificial spoken vs. written extant vs. extinct

system underlying the shared linguistic competence of some group

system underlying the shared linguistic competence of some defined subgroup

linguistic competence of an individual.

Ferdinand de Saussure. Langue-potential Parole-apply

Noam Chomsky. Competence-ability Performance-exercising

fixed point

historically/across time. Study of how languge changes across time.

study of the physical properties of sound waves (branch of physics)

study of sounds from point of view of their physiological production (branch of biology) with regard to their production by the biological organs of the body

study of abstract relations among sounds viewed as a system; combinatorial restrictions among sounds: changes affecting sounds when juxtaposed with one another.

principles governing formation of words and patterns of arrangement of words and groups of words

study of vocabulary

applied discipline of writing dictionaries

study of how sentences and other utterances are strung together to form larger batches of discourse

reconstruction of earlier stages of languages or language families.

language variation as a function of social variables

language variation as a function of geography

language as a function of ethnic groups

smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances

smallest component of a word or other linguistic unit that has semantic meaning.

fundamental unit in a written language

scientific study of linguistic dialect. Studies variations in language based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features

languages that cannot be plausibly assigned to any language family. No proven relatives

speakers are mutually unintelligible.

speech varieties of a single language

Indonesian and Malaysian - Malay Tagalog and Hawai'ian. Spoken on Taiwan Malaysia Indonesia Philippines and Pacific Islands.

Branch of Austroasiatic. Khmer (Cambodian) Vietnamese

Mon-Khmer and Munda languages of East India. Khmer and Vietnamese. Spoken on peninsular of SE Asia.

Branch of Sino-Tibetan. Tibetan and Burmese Newari Bodo Manipuri

Tibeto-Burman and Sinitic -Chinese. Spoken in China Tibet Burma and NE India

abundant morphology using affixes of all kinds(prefixes suffixes infixes circumfixes) reduplication to build up complex words from simpler ones and inclusive/exclusive distinction in plural pronouns ex: there are two words for 'we'

"large vowel inventories systems with four degrees of vowel height several series of vowels differing according to ""voice register"" or phonation type and have a complete set of stops and nasals in labial alveolar palatal and velar positions few fricatives."

Tonal and monosyllabic words few initial clusters/final consonants complex tone systems classifiers serial verb constructions and have postposition rather than prepositions.

Thai and Lao. Spoken in Southern China Thailand and Laos.

sizeable number of tones little or no inflection. Compounding and reduplication are the most common types of derivational processes.

Hmong and Mien. Spoken in Southern China and northern parts of SE Asia (Vietnam Thailand and Laos).

tonal and many complex consonant clusters lack of inflection presence of numeral classifiers widespread ellipsis serial verb constructions abundance of sentence particles tone languages and retroflex and uvular places of articulation prenasalized aspirated and glottalized stops and voiceless sonorants

tones and classifiers little or no inflection SVO in word order and have both prepositions and postpositions.

Language Isolate spoken in norther Japan

some say they are related to each other some say they belong to Altaic Language family.

"Mongolian and Uighur. Mongolic Tungusic and Turkic languages. Spoken in Mongolia NW China ""stans"" and Turkey"

Simple syllables and vowel harmony

government: what's official language and language policy

attempt to keep language going ex. Vietnamese in America 2nd and 3rd generation

native language

what works in the study of language

Indo-European. Have three branches: Iranian Indo-Aryan and Nuristani.

Verdic Sanskrit Classical Sanskrit

Pali Prakrit Gandhari Apabhramsha

c. 1000 CE Hindi Urdu Sindhi Nepali

Tamil Telugu Malayalam Kannada

(Austroasiatic) approx two dozen tribal languages incl. Santali and Mundari

(Indio-Iranian branch of Indo-European) Persian Dari Tajik Pashto Baluchi

Semitic

Indo-European: English French Portuguese Dutch. Semitic: Arabic

Arabic Hebrew and Ethiopic languages

Assyrian Ugartic Aramaic Koranic Arabic and Biblical Hebrew

Iranian and Indo-Aryan

Old Persian(600-300BCE) and Avestan (1000CE)

(3rd cent. BCE-8th cent. CE) Parthian Sogdian Bactrian and Saka and Pahlavi

Persian(Farsi) Pashto Baluchi Dari Tajik and Kurdish

language isolate in South Asia

positionally determined variants of phonemes

two words that differ by a single phoneme (ex. Bit/pit)

having to do with sounds only with regard to their status as phonemes (i.e. with regard to their ability to differentiate meaning)

having to do with sounds with regard to their physiological production.

Air flow

Glottal

Oral/Nasal

Oral

Release

Pulmonic

Ingressive vs. egressive

laryngeal mechanisms

voicing

voicelessness

glottal stop

nasal sounds

non-nasal=oral sounds

consonants

vowels

semi-vowels

stops

thus generating friction"

nasal consonants

trill

lateral

bottom lip and teeth or various regions of the tongue

top lip and teeth alveolar ridge hard palate soft palate velum uvula and the pharynx

Larynx

Uvula

Labial

Dental

Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

uvular

Pharyngeal

Glottal

Aspirate consonants

Non-aspirate consonants

monophthongs

diphthongs

a E e i

a c o u

contextually determined variants of a morpheme

base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without a loss of identity

morpheme can only be used when attached to the beginning end or inside a base. Three main types: prefixes suffixes infixes

pertains to all forms within a grammatical class. Incl. paradigms. Conjugation of verbs: declension of nouns adjectives pronouns.

serves to transform a word from one functional class (i.e. part of speech) to another

stemm

can occur as independent word

can ONLY occur linked to some other morphem

(isolating) all words are invariable and syntactic relationships are shown mostly by word order

words consist of more than one morpheme but there is no one-to-one relationship between morphemes and meanings or functions

each word contains a linear sequence of morphemes with each morpheme having a single meaning or function

"Subject-Object-Verb (ex. ""Hansan the ox bought"""

Ex. The athlete broke the record

Ex. Killed the dragon the man

Ex. Saw the student the woman

basic building blocks of vocabulary

study of word origins

study of the origins of names

reconstruction of an earlier language based upon the comparison of data from more than one language believed to be descended from the earlier language

reconstruction of an earlier language based upon the comparison of data from only later stages of the language in question

"(1746-1794) English judge learns Sanskrit to learn ""Hindu laws"". Concludes Latin Greek and Sanskrit must have derived from a common precursor language. Sets in motion the start of the ""Indo-European"" family"

"(1785-1863) German polymath and scholar of law culture folklore and language. With brother Wilhelm compiled diction of the German language wrote history of German folklore and compiled ""Grimm's Fairy Tales"""

scientific study of writing systems

positionally determined variants of graphemes

relationship between graphemes in a given writing system and basic elements in the language represented by the writing system.

orthography/orthographic system/script

writing system in which graphemes represent individual sounds

writing system in which graphemes represents syllables

writing systems in which graphemes represent entire words

(consonant alphabets) consonants only/consonants plus some vowels.

(alphsyllabaries) writing systems in which the words are formed from linear sequences of symbols standing for entire syllable but where each sign can be analyzed into components standing for the sounds that comprise the syllable.

derivatives of an ancient syllabry (Indian)

an acient syllabary used in North-west India

a line drawn on a map/other figure to separate the alternatives of some linguistic variable

a speech variety shared by some definable group within a language community

any linguistic feature that varies within a language dialect or a single person's speech

Social Regional and Functional