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What are the 2 types of memory?
Retrograde and Anterograde
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What are the subcategories of Anterograde memory?
Short Term Memory(STM) and Long Term Memory (LTM)
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Where does STM (working memory) occur?
Prefrontal Cortex
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Where does LTM occur?
Hippocampus
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What was H.M unable to do after his surgery?
unable to learn new info--> anterograde memory
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What kind of surgery did patient H.M have?
amygdala-hippocampectomy
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T/F: Patient H.M had an intact STM (where PFC was intact)
True
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T/F: Patient H.M was unable to learn new procedural skills.
F. He was because his basal ganglia was intact
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T/F: Patient HM has no change in his intelligence, language, perceptual abilities, NOR personality
True
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What were some cognitive neuroscience lessons learned from H.M?
- STM and LTM supported by distinct neural systems.
- Memories are not stored in hippocampus, but distributed throughout brain
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Name the parts of the brain in the papez circuit
Hippocampus--(fornix)-> mamillary bodies-->anterior nucleus(thalamus)-->cinculate gyrus.
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T/F: the cortext to hippocampus connection are not bi-directional
false, they ARE
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What are some clinical features of Transient Global Amnesia?
- Acute onset of anterograde amnesia
- no retrograde
- lasts 2-12 hours, patient cannot learn new info between then
- occur upon stressful situations
- MAY be transient ischemic attack, seizure, migrane
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What are symptoms of herpes simplex?
Fever and Confusion
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If a patient has Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, what part of papez circuit is damaged?
mamillary bodies and dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus
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What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome due to and how long does it last?
- Thiamine (B1 deficience)
- lasts up to 6 weeks
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In chronic state of Wernicke-Korsakoff symdrom, do gait eye movements return to normal? What persists though?
yes, but amnesia persists
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrom occurs in people with...
poor nutrition and who are alcoholics
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is WK syndrome correctable?
yes, but if not done immediately, damage can occur
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If the mamillary body is swollen, what kind of WK syndrome does a patient have?
Acute
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If the mamillary body is shrunken, what kind of WK syndrom does a patient have?
Chronic Korsakoff
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What is a cuase for Thalamic Amnesia?
Stroke
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What does the parahippocampus help with?
Spatial memory
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What kind of amnesia arises when there is damage in the paraphippocampal gyrus?
Topographical Amnesia
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What are the 2 types of LTM?
Declarative(explicit) and Procedural (implicit)
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What are the 2 types of declaritive(explicit) memory?
episodic and semantic
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What is involved in procedural memory?
skills, priming, and conditioning
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If a patient has parkinson's disease, what is this person lacking?
dopamine in the substantia nigra
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Huntington's disease arises from atrophy to what part of the brain?
caudate
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Name the parts of the Nigrostriatal pathway?
Substantia Nigra (produces dopamine)-->Caudate/putament
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If the caudate is missing, what kind of movment would a patient have?
hyperkinetic, because there's excess dopamine
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What is confabulation and how can it be tested?
need to be confused and experience anterograde amnesia.
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The papez circuit plays a major role in what type of memory?
LTM
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if a patient has a stroke and glioma in the thalamus (anterior nucleus), what is the result?
Thalamic amnesia
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If the basal ganglia doesn't get any dopamine, what kind of memory porblems would the patient have?
implicit memory problems
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