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Define Adaptive Defenses
respond to particular agents called antigens
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Define Innate Defenses
- those that act against any type of invading agent.
- Physcial & Chemical barriers.
- Cellular Defenses.
- Fever.
- Inflammation.
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Apoptosis
- Molecules ener the target cell and fragment its nuclear DNA.
- (programmed cell death)
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Diapedesis
a process that allows neutrophils to congregate in tissue fluids at the injured region.
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What are your physical barriers
- Skin.
- Mucous Membranes.
- Chemicals secreted by mucous membranes.
- Flushing out your system.
- Cilia.
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How does the mucous membranes protect you?
- Covers surfaces exposed to the outside air.
- Difficult to penetrate.
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How do you Flushing out your system protect you.
- Coughing.
- Sneezing.
- Vomiting.
- Diarrhea.
- Tears.
- Saliva.
- Urintation.
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How do Cilia protect you?
hairlike projections in mucous membrane that help to sweep away microbes that had entered the respiratory tract.
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What antimicrobials do your cells secrete to kill invading microbes?
- Sweat.
- Stomach acid.
- Lysozyme.
- Transferrin.
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What antimicrobial function does Sweat have?
High salt, low pH inhibits growth of bacteria.
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What antimicrobial function does stomach acid have?
Acidic pH - major defense against intestinal pathogens.
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What antimicrobial function does Lysozyme have?
Tears, saliva, mucus, cleaves peptidoglycan linkage in bacterial cell wall.
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What antimicrobial function does Transferrin have?
- iron binding protein in blood.
- some bacteria require iron for enzymes.
- Limits the iron available for bacteria.
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List each type of white blood cell.
- Granulocytes include:
- Neutrophils.
- Eosinophils.
- Basophils.
- Dendritic.
- Agranulocytes Include:
- Monocytes.
- Lymphocytes.
- NK Cells.
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Function of each type of Granulocytes white blood cell.
- Granuloctyes Neutrophils - Most Common phagocytes.
- Granulocytes Eosinophils - Allergies, parasitic infections.
- Granulocytes Basophils - Mast Cells, release histamine.
- Granuloctyes Dendritic - Mobile tissue phagocytes that present antigens in lymph nodes.
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Functon of each type of Agranuloctyes White Blood Cell.
- Agranuloctyes Monocytes - reside in blood develop into macrophage in tissue.
- Agranulocytes Lymphocytes - B Cells make antibodies; T Cells mediated immune response.
- Agranulocytes NK - NK identify and kill virus-infected cells.
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What is Phagocytosis?
digest & destroy invading microbes and foreign particles by a process.
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In Phagocytosis which cells in use this defense?
- Neutrophils.
- Eosiniophils.
- Macrophages.
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What is the process of phagocytosis?
- Find invader.
- Adhere to invader.
- Ingest the invader.
- Digest the invader.
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What signals does a phagocyte recognize?
- Pattern recognition receptors recognize pathogens.Peptidoglycan, Lipopolysaccarides.
- Chemical signals released by damageed cells.
- signals from other leukocytes.
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How do phagocytes ingest?
- extension of the phagocyte membrane that fuse and enclose microorganism.
- forms a membrane bound vacuole with microorganism inside=phagosome.
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How do phagocytes digest microbes?
- Fuse with lysosomes.
- reactive oxygen compounds are used to kill ingested microbes.
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What cells do Natural Killers Cells target?
virus infected cells
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How do Natural Killer cells kill cells?
NK cells trigger cell death by apoptosis=cell suicide.
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What is a lymph?
extracellular fluid that circulates in through the lymphatic system
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What is the function of lymph nodes?
act as a filter that catches debris from the lymph.
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Which cells reside in lymph nodes?
- Macrophages.
- lymphocytes.
- Other immunologically important cells.
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What is inflammation?
A reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues.
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What is the purpose of Inflammation?
- Mobilize and attract immune components to the site of injury.
- Set motion repair mechanisms.
- Destroy microbes and prevent further invasion.
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What are Cardinal signs of Inflammation?
- Calor:heat
- Rubor:redness
- Tumor:swelling
- Dolor:pain at infection or injured site.
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What causes the signs of Inflammation?
- Increased blood flow bring clotting factors and phagocytes to the injured tissue.
- Cytokine (histamine) from damaged cells caused vasodilation.
- increased vascular permeability.
- Causes redness and heat from increased blood flow.
- leaking fludes can cause swelling.
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What is pus?
An accumulation of live and dead phagocytes liquefied cell debris and bacteria.
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What is a fever?
a systemic response and may accompany inflammation.
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What causes a fever?
- exogenous pyrogen.
- products of infectious agents stimulates endogenous pyrogen.
- Endotoxin, viruses, bacteria.
- Endogenous pyrogen: interleukin-1 (IL-1)from macrophages, neutrophils during phagocytosis.
- IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to reset the body's temperature.
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Why is it a good thing (What's its purpose?)
- Slows growth of pathogens who prefer 36'C.
- Inactivate some microbial enzymes and toxins.
- Increases immune response by increasing chemical reaction rates.
- encourages rest.
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Three type of Interfon.
- Alpha (INF-a).
- Beta (INF-b).
- Gamma (INF-y).
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What is the function of Interferons?
- Both INFa & INF b function is to produce antiviral proteins in neighboring cells.
- Bind to receptors on neighboring uninfected cells.
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Particularly how do INF-a & INF-b work?
- Antiviral proteins target viral RNA's.
- Some viruses produce dsRNA structure (not found in healthy cells).
- Good targets for selectively toxi agents.
- Ultimately: induce antiviral replication in the uninfected cell.
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How is INF-y produced?
- Gamma Interferon is produced by lymphoid cells, lymphocytes and NK cells.
- Do NOT have to be infected by virus.
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What effects of INF-y enhance innate & adaptive immunity?
- activates macrophages, NK cells, lymphocytes.
- Inhibits cancer cells.
- Stimulates B cells and other specfic immune responses.
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What is complement?
- set of more than 20 large proteins that circulate in blood that play a key role in host defese.
- works as a cascade (a acts on b which acts on c...)
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Whate are the three methods of destruction of Classical Complement Pathway?
- Opsonization.
- Inflammation.
- Direct Lysis.
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How does Opsonization destruct?
- C3b binds to surface of antibody marked microbes.
- C3b acts as an opsonin (makes more tasty).
- Phagocytes have C3b stimulates phagocytosis.
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How does Inflammation destruct?
- C3a can initiate or enhance inflammation process.
- Chemotaxis promotes diapedesis of neutrophils out of blood vessels.
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How does Direct Lysis destruct?
- Complement molecules activated by C3 catalyze formation of pores in membrane.
- Pores consiste of C9 proteins.
- These pores in cell memberan or viral envelopes kill the organism.
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What is a Alternative pathway?
- Polysaccharide markers on the surface of the pahtogen activate factor B which activates factor D which activates factor P.
- No antibodies involved.
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What are the General Functions of the Complement System?
- 1. Enhance phagocytois by opsonization.
- 2. Lyse pathogens directly MAC Complexes.
- 3. Stimulate inflammation and immune responses
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What initiates the Classic Complement Pathway?
- Antibodies bound to antigens on the surface of the microbe (bacteria).
- Complement protein C1 binds first, activates C4&C2.
- C2 activates central molecule C3.
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What occurs with activation of C3?
- Three methods of destruction occur.
- Opsonization.
- Inflammation.
- Direct Lysis (MembraneAttackComplex)
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What is the function of C3b?
Recognition of C3b stimulates phagocytosis
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