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respond to particular agents called antigens

• those that act against any type of invading agent.
• Physcial & Chemical barriers.
• Cellular Defenses.
• Fever.
• Inflammation.

• Molecules ener the target cell and fragment its nuclear DNA.
• (programmed cell death)

a process that allows neutrophils to congregate in tissue fluids at the injured region.

• Skin.
• Mucous Membranes.
• Chemicals secreted by mucous membranes.
• Flushing out your system.
• Cilia.

• Covers surfaces exposed to the outside air.
• Difficult to penetrate.

• Coughing.
• Sneezing.
• Vomiting.
• Diarrhea.
• Tears.
• Saliva.
• Urintation.

hairlike projections in mucous membrane that help to sweep away microbes that had entered the respiratory tract.

• Sweat.
• Stomach acid.
• Lysozyme.
• Transferrin.

High salt, low pH inhibits growth of bacteria.

Acidic pH - major defense against intestinal pathogens.

Tears, saliva, mucus, cleaves peptidoglycan linkage in bacterial cell wall.

• iron binding protein in blood.
• some bacteria require iron for enzymes.
• Limits the iron available for bacteria.

• Granulocytes include:
• Neutrophils.
• Eosinophils.
• Basophils.
• Dendritic.
• Agranulocytes Include:
• Monocytes.
• Lymphocytes.
• NK Cells.

• Granuloctyes Neutrophils - Most Common phagocytes.
• Granulocytes Eosinophils - Allergies, parasitic infections.
• Granulocytes Basophils - Mast Cells, release histamine.
• Granuloctyes Dendritic - Mobile tissue phagocytes that present antigens in lymph nodes.

• Agranuloctyes Monocytes - reside in blood develop into macrophage in tissue.
• Agranulocytes Lymphocytes - B Cells make antibodies; T Cells mediated immune response.
• Agranulocytes NK - NK identify and kill virus-infected cells.

digest & destroy invading microbes and foreign particles by a process.

• Neutrophils.
• Eosiniophils.
• Macrophages.

• Find invader.
• Adhere to invader.
• Ingest the invader.
• Digest the invader.

• Pattern recognition receptors recognize pathogens.Peptidoglycan, Lipopolysaccarides.
• Chemical signals released by damageed cells.
• signals from other leukocytes.

• extension of the phagocyte membrane that fuse and enclose microorganism.
• forms a membrane bound vacuole with microorganism inside=phagosome.

• Fuse with lysosomes.
• reactive oxygen compounds are used to kill ingested microbes.

virus infected cells

NK cells trigger cell death by apoptosis=cell suicide.

extracellular fluid that circulates in through the lymphatic system

act as a filter that catches debris from the lymph.

• Macrophages.
• lymphocytes.
• Other immunologically important cells.

A reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues.

• Mobilize and attract immune components to the site of injury.
• Set motion repair mechanisms.
• Destroy microbes and prevent further invasion.

• Calor:heat
• Rubor:redness
• Tumor:swelling
• Dolor:pain at infection or injured site.

• Increased blood flow bring clotting factors and phagocytes to the injured tissue.
• Cytokine (histamine) from damaged cells caused vasodilation.
• increased vascular permeability.
• Causes redness and heat from increased blood flow.
• leaking fludes can cause swelling.

An accumulation of live and dead phagocytes liquefied cell debris and bacteria.

pus inducing

a systemic response and may accompany inflammation.

• exogenous pyrogen.
• products of infectious agents stimulates endogenous pyrogen.
• Endotoxin, viruses, bacteria.
• Endogenous pyrogen: interleukin-1 (IL-1)from macrophages, neutrophils during phagocytosis.
• IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to reset the body's temperature.

• Slows growth of pathogens who prefer 36'C.
• Inactivate some microbial enzymes and toxins.
• Increases immune response by increasing chemical reaction rates.
• encourages rest.

• Alpha (INF-a).
• Beta (INF-b).
• Gamma (INF-y).

• Both INFa & INF b function is to produce antiviral proteins in neighboring cells.
• Bind to receptors on neighboring uninfected cells.

• Antiviral proteins target viral RNA's.
• Some viruses produce dsRNA structure (not found in healthy cells).
• Good targets for selectively toxi agents.
• Ultimately: induce antiviral replication in the uninfected cell.

• Gamma Interferon is produced by lymphoid cells, lymphocytes and NK cells.
• Do NOT have to be infected by virus.

• activates macrophages, NK cells, lymphocytes.
• Inhibits cancer cells.
• Stimulates B cells and other specfic immune responses.

• set of more than 20 large proteins that circulate in blood that play a key role in host defese.
• works as a cascade (a acts on b which acts on c...)

• Opsonization.
• Inflammation.
• Direct Lysis.

• C3b binds to surface of antibody marked microbes.
• C3b acts as an opsonin (makes more tasty).
• Phagocytes have C3b stimulates phagocytosis.

• C3a can initiate or enhance inflammation process.
• Chemotaxis promotes diapedesis of neutrophils out of blood vessels.

• Complement molecules activated by C3 catalyze formation of pores in membrane.
• Pores consiste of C9 proteins.
• These pores in cell memberan or viral envelopes kill the organism.

• Polysaccharide markers on the surface of the pahtogen activate factor B which activates factor D which activates factor P.
• No antibodies involved.

• 1. Enhance phagocytois by opsonization.
• 2. Lyse pathogens directly MAC Complexes.
• 3. Stimulate inflammation and immune responses

• Antibodies bound to antigens on the surface of the microbe (bacteria).
• Complement protein C1 binds first, activates C4&C2.
• C2 activates central molecule C3.

• Three methods of destruction occur.
• Opsonization.
• Inflammation.
• Direct Lysis (MembraneAttackComplex)

Recognition of C3b stimulates phagocytosis