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Pathological elevation of disc margins.
Papilledema
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When rim tissue has a white color and is dying. (pt would have (+)APD.)
Optic nerve atrophy
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The observable compression of the central retinal wein at the disc.
SVP (Spontaneous Venous Pulsation)
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Normal A/V ratio...
2/3; observed at least 1 disc diameter from disc
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Normal Arterial Light Reflex...
1/3; observed at least 1 disc diameter from disc
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Impeded blood flow at a vessel crossing.
Constriction
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The light reflection of the fovea in the macula.
FLR (Foveal Light Reflection)
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Degeneration of the macula causing permanent loss of visual acuity.
Macular degeneration
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An area of hyperpigmentation.
Nevus
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A leakage of blood outside the vessel.
Hemmorrhage
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Microinfarcts of the nerve fibers, with swelling of the nerve fibers from occlusion of small afterioles; white, fluffy.
Cotton-wool
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Fluid leakage that has been reabsorbed, leaving a yellow, flat appearance.
Exudates
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Any break in the retinal later from trauma, disease, or anatomical variation.
Lesion
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