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The varicella-zoster virus establishes latency in the ___ and if reactivated causes the development of _____
sensory ganglia, pneumonia
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When changes in virion structure occur as a result of major genetic changes, this is called
antigenic shift
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Persitant viral infections that last the lifetime of the host are referred to as ____ infections
chronic
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Most viruses, once inside the human, will disseminate through the
blood
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In response to a specific infection, the innate resonse is active during
all phases of the infection
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What type of immunity is produced by the body when a person receives a vaccine?
Artificially acquired active immunity
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What type of immunity is produced by teh body when an infant receive breastmilk?
naturallyacquired passive immunity
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What type of immunity is produced by the body when a person received antitoxin
artificially aquired passive immunity
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One of the main differenced between protozoans andhelminthes is that protozoans are ____ whereas helminthes are_____.
Unicellular; multicellular
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The two classes of helminthes are:
cestodes, nematodes
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Cestodes are associated with all of the following charactersitics:
- Possession of a head called the scolex
- Use of a retractable rostellum for attachment
- Hermaphroditic nature
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Hyphae are associatd with which of the following?
molds
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Unicellular fungi are referred to as
yeasts
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Fungi that can grow in eithe r the yeast or mold form depnding on environmental conditions exhibit
dimporphism
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Antigens are
specific molcules that the body recognizes as foreign
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pyrogens stimulate which fo the following processes
fever
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Which of the following is a type of phagocytic cell?
neutrophil
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Which cell leaves the bloodstream to become a macrophage?
Monocyte
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Which cell increases in number during a helminth infection
eosinophils
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All of the following contian lysozyme except:
stomach acid
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The B-cell antigen receptor is called a(n)
immunoglobulin
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T cells mature in the
thymus
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Long-lived lymphocytes that respond more rapidly and effecitvely on antigen encounter at a later time are known as ____ cells
membory
-
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What is the first anibody made during an infection?
IgM
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What is the most abundant antibody found in teh blood?
IgG
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Babies who breast feed are afforded passive immune protection of their GI tracts by the presence of ____ in colostrums and breast milk.
IgA
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HIV uses ____, protein molecules on the virus surface, to bind to the surface of T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages.
gp120 and gp41
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Some people are resistant to HIV infection because of mutations in ____ on the surface of host cells
co-receptors
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Which malignancy is commonly associated with AIDS?
Kaposi sarcoma
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De-germing is best described as..
mechanical process for removing microbes
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a bacteriaostatic agent si one that
inhibits the rowth of the microbe
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Of the following, the most efective method of nucleic acid disruption is
filtration
pasteurization
radiation
freeze-drying
surfactants
radiation
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Microbial death has occured if
reproductive capability is lost even when microbe is placed in optimal conditions
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The efficacy of penicillin is highest during the ____ phase of bacterial life cycle
log
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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mucous membane
nonspecific
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The study of fungi is
mycology
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mannan and glucan provide..
structural stability for fungal hyphae
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fungi vary enormously in size from microscopic to macroscopic
this is true
-
there are many antibodies to treat fungal infections. true or false?
false
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phenol
dentaures proteins and disrupts cell membranes
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alchohols
denature proteins, disrupt cell membranes
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oxidizing agents
denatures proteins
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aldehydes
denatures proteins
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heavy metals
denatures proteins
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boiling
denatures proteins and disrupts cell membranes
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lyophilzation
inhibits metabolism
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freezing
inhibits metabolism
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pasteurization
denatures proteins and dirupts cell membranes
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What are the four steps of phagocytosis?
- Chemotaxis
- Adherence
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Excretion
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