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What are the primary organs of the male reproductive
system?
- two testes
- accessory sex organs(internal and external reproductive organs)
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Where are the sperm cells formed?
testes
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cell division that halves the genetic material, resulting in egg and sperm cells
meiosis
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How many chromosomes are in a sperm cell?
23
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Name the structures of the sperm cell.
flattened head, cylindrical midpiece and an elongated tail
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What is contained in the acrosome?
hyaluronidase, aid the sperm cell in penetrating
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produce sperm cells
seminiferous tubules
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produce and secrete male sex hormones
interstitial cells
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promotes sperm cell maturation, stores sperm cells, conveys sperm cells to ductus deferens
epididymis
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conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct
ductus deferens
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secretes an alkaline fluid that helps neutralize the acidic components of semen and enhances sperm cell motillity
prostate gland
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secretes an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostanglandins that helps neutralize the acidic components of semen
seminal vesicle
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secretes fluid that lubricates end of the penis
bulbourethral gland
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encloses, protects, and regulates temperature of testes
scrotum
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conveys urine and semen to outside of body; richly supplied with sensory nerve endings associated with feelings of pleasure
penis
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What hormones are involved in the male reproductive
system?
- androgens
- testosterone
- gonadotropins
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What hormone is the most abundant androgen?
testosterone
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Testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.
Leydig cells
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stimulates the development of the male reproductive organs and causes the testes to decend; resposible for the development and maintenance of male seconday sex charateristics
testosterone
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What temperature is approximately maintained in the
testes for sperm?
93.6
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What happens if the testes do not descend?
cryptoorchidism
they will not produce sperm cells because of the temperature, the male is infertile
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differentiation of an egg cell; beginning at puberty
oogenesis
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when a primary oocyte divides, the cytoplasm is distributed unequally; the resulting larger cell is called _______?
secondary oocyte
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when a primary oocyte divides, the cytoplasm is distributed unequally; the resulting smaller cell is called _______?
first polar body
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What happens to polar bodies during fertilization?
they begin to degenerate 15 hours post fertilization
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the primary oocyte enlarges, the follicular cell proliferate, and a fluid fulled cavity appears and produces a secondary follicle
follicle maturation
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What causes ovulation?
- release of LH from the anterior pituitary gland
- (luetinizing hormone)
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produces oocytes and female sex hormores
ovary
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conveys secondary oocyte toward uterus; site of fertilization; conveys developing embryo to uterus
uterine tube
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protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy
uterus
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conveys uterine secretions to outside of body; provides open channel for offspring during child birth
vagina
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enclose and protect other external reproductive organs
labia majora
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form margina of vestibule; protect openings of vagina and urethra
labia minora
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produces feelings of pleasure during sexual stimulation due to abundant sensory nerve endings in glans
clitoris
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space between lania minora that contains vaginal and urethral openings
vestibule
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secrete fluid that moistens and lubricates the vestibule
vestibular glands
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the infundibulum bears a number of irregular, branched extensions called _________?
fimbriae
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inner mucosal layer, is covered with columnar epithelium and contains abundant tubular glands
endometrium
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thick, middle, muscular layer, consists largely of bundles of smooth muscle fibers in longitudinal, circular and spiral patterns and is interlaced with connective tissues
myometrium
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consists of an outer serosal layer, which covers the body of the uterus and part of the cervix
perimetrium
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neck of the uterus; tubular part extends downward into the upper part of the vagina
cervix
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responsible for the development and maintenance of most female secondary sex characteristics
estrogen
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prepares the uterus for pregnancy
progesterone
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What are the major events in a menstrual cycle?
regularly recurrin changes in the uterine lining culminating in menstrual flow
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structure that forms from the rupturedovarian follicle and secretes female hormones
corpus luteum
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cessation of the female reproductive system
menopause
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composed of 15 to 20 irregualry shaped lobes. each lobe contains glands, drained by alveolar ducts
mammary gland
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hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glands
prolactin
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Where is milk stored in the mammary gland?
the milk is stored in the alveolies and small milk ducts
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withdrawal of the penis from the vagina before ejaculation; some semen may be expelled from the penis before ejaculation
coitus interruptus
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abstinence from sexual intercorse two days before andone day after ovulation
rhythm method
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males and females can use condoms; females use diaphragms and cervical caps
mechanical barriers
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spermicical film, sponges, suppositories, foams and gels
chemical barriers
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flexible ring inserted into the vagina, a plastic patch, or pill can deliver estrogen and progestin to prevent pregnancy
combined hormone contraceptives
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intramuscular injection with medroxyprogesterone acetate every three months prevents pregnancy
injectable contraceptives
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solid object inserted into the uterine cavity
intrauterine devices
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vasectomy is performed in males
tubal ligation is performed in females
surgical methods
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Which substances are contained in oral contraceptives?
estrogen and progestin
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human immunodeficiency virus
acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS
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chlamydia trachomatis bacteria
chlamydia infection
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herpes simplex 2 virus
genital herpes
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human papilloma virus
genital warts
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neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria
gonorrhea
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treponema pallidum bacteria
syphillis
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