Protein

a group of compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen arranged into amino acids.

building blocks of protein

each contain an amino group, an acid group, a hydrogen atom, and a distinctive side group all attached to a central carbon.

they have different side chains on amino acids.

• differ in size, shape, electrical charge, and other characteristics which leads to different biological properties.
• this changes there function.

• 9
• histidine
• isoleucine
• leucine
• lysine
• methionine
• phenylalanine
• threonine
• tryptophan
• valine

• 11
• alanine
• arginine
• asparagine
• aspartic acid
• cysteine
• glutamic acid
• glutamine
• glycine
• proline
• serine
• tyrosine

• 5 a.a.
• all others are essential until pathways function right.

tyrosine

conditionally essential for them.

your diet

making it in your body.

beta amino acid containing a sulfonyl group.

• decrease growth
• neralogical
• blindness
• retinal degeneration

• animals
• they float in body as free amino acid.

• body but might not have enough so have to eat some.
• supplemented in all major infant formulas.

a.a. be used for energy but to do so the nitrogen needs to be removed for this process.

• chemical process that your body takes fat and carbs to make a.a.
• adding nitrogen group (NH3) to it makes it happen

• the bond that connects the acid end of one a.a. with the amino end of another, forming a link in a protein chain.
• - condenstation reaction

• one molecule to another making it from another a.a.
• Transform amino group (NH3) from amino acid to keto acid to form a new amino acid and new keto acid.

using other a.a.

a few dozen to several hundred.

protein

• di=2
• tri=3
• poly=4
• sequence of a.a. tells them what to do.

• uncoiling of a protein
• happens when you heat it up
• easier to digest

• gives different functions
• different structures let them do different things

• different side chains on different a.a. have various chemical properties
• -water to the inside forces twist and bend in the protein.

is not to provide specific body protein directly but to supply the a.a. from which the body can make its own proteins.

denatures protein activates pepsion.

break protein up to small units.

digestion-->AA-->absorption-->blood-->tissues--> make protein that we need.

deoxyribonucleic acid

Ribonucleic Acid

• DNA-->RNA
• step 1 of protein synthesis overview
• uncoil DNA and copy it to mRNA
• goes on in nucleous then leaves.

• you
• gene expression is protein expression.

• transfer RNA bring a.a to mRNA
• have to be in a certain order
• tells which one to site down.
• translating them into protein.
• hemogloben can't carry oxygen well.

facilitate actions in the body and sometimes they are just used.

protein that facilitate chemical reactions w/out being changed in the process.

• 1. break down substance
• 2. make a new substance
• 3. transform a substance into another

• most of bone and tissue
• building blocks protein in our tissue.

• chemical messengers not all hormones are protein but most are.
• tell certain part of the body to do something.

• control of fluid inside cell and outside of cell
• water goes were protein is

in cell

outside cell

between cells

with in blood vessels.

swelling

• 1. excessive protein due to kidney disease
• 2. inadiquit protein sithases due to protein
• 3. inadiquit protein intake

• acids release h ions to buffer
• protein w/ neg. charge accepts them

different proteins transport all sorts of things.

• anything you are exposed to that is not you.
• -body makes antibody that are protein.
• -these proteins allow you to have immunity

blood clotting

retna of eye (protein) when light hits protein it will change canfirmation ineshats sights

• protein can be used for energy
• can be used to provide energy and glucose.

constantly breaking down protein and have to make new ones.

in a healthy adult protein sythises equals degrigation and protein intake (dietary) equals nitrogen excrition in feces, sweat, urine

estimate of protein requirement.

zero nitrogen balance (equilibrium)

• positive nitrogen balance
• body senthesies moves protein then it degreades
• ex: pregnancy and growth (children)

• negative nitrogen balance
• body breaks down more protein then it makes.
• ex: some one starving

breaking proteins down out of essiential a.a.

a.a. tyrosine used to make neurotransmitters

• main way store energy- fat
• not bodies intent to store energy as protein
• when it is deprived of energy it will use this.
• -body will lose lean mass

• 1. does this provide proper balance of a.a. for body needs
• 2. is it digestable

• All essential a.a. must be provided at the sametime for protein sythesis to occur
• - 1 missing, a.a.= no protein

amino acids absorbs for a given protein intake.

• make all essintial amino acids needs in relavent to a human requires.
• ex: meat-red, fish, poultry

• two or more dietary protein that when put together you get all essential a.a.
• ex: beans and rice

• a standard protein that meets the essential a.a. requirements of preschool-age children
• -egg usually used

• compare protein in food to gold standard (egg)
• lower chemical score not as good for you.
• may not reflect the way the body will use protein.
• fails to take into account digestibility of a protein.

• like a.a. scoring
• takes into account digestibility

measures of efficiency of a protein to support the body's needs.

look back over pae 9 in notes

• measure weight gain in growing animals compared to its protein intake.
• growing animal- feed it source of protein if it grows good source if not can figure out why.
• nothing will go in baby food unless it goes through this.

not getting all nutritients they need.

• PEM caused be a recient event of food restriction
• -can tell by normal height thin for height

• long term food depervation
• -will be short for age

• if you don't have protein and can't make it you will die.
• no matter quality of calories not getting enough body will use protein for energy.

• Chronic PEM- lack in both energy and protein
• -defisiant in almost everything
• - impair muscle and brain development
• - running on very basis of living life
• - body not good at absorbing nutrients

• can not make lipoproteins that carry fat from the liver so you end up with a fatty liver.
• -no antibodies = increase infection
• -increase infection= increase kwashiorkor
• - other proteins decrease making them mroe suseptable to infection

• getting enough calorie but not enough protein
• -kids will have adema (swelling in abdominal area)

eat nothing to do with animal diet

eat milk based products

eat milk and eggs