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What is a protein?
a group of compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen arranged into amino acids.
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What is a amino acid?
building blocks of protein
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What does an amino acid structure look like?
each contain an amino group, an acid group, a hydrogen atom, and a distinctive side group all attached to a central carbon.
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Proteins are more complex then carbs because?
they have different side chains on amino acids.
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Common structures of an amino acid?
- differ in size, shape, electrical charge, and other characteristics which leads to different biological properties.
- this changes there function.
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What are the essential A.A. and how many?
- 9
- histidine
- isoleucine
- leucine
- lysine
- methionine
- phenylalanine
- threonine
- tryptophan
- valine
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What are the nonessential A.A. and how many?
- 11
- alanine
- arginine
- asparagine
- aspartic acid
- cysteine
- glutamic acid
- glutamine
- glycine
- proline
- serine
- tyrosine
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how many non essential a.a. are in newborns?
- 5 a.a.
- all others are essential until pathways function right.
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Phenylalanine is used to make what?
tyrosine
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People with PKu cant make tyrosine so its?
conditionally essential for them.
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essential you get from?
your diet
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non-essential you get from?
making it in your body.
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Taurine is a?
beta amino acid containing a sulfonyl group.
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What are the defficiencies of Taurine?
- decrease growth
- neralogical
- blindness
- retinal degeneration
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Taurine is found in significant quantities in what?
- animals
- they float in body as free amino acid.
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Taurine can be made in the?
- body but might not have enough so have to eat some.
- supplemented in all major infant formulas.
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What is deAmination?
a.a. be used for energy but to do so the nitrogen needs to be removed for this process.
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What is Amination?
- chemical process that your body takes fat and carbs to make a.a.
- adding nitrogen group (NH3) to it makes it happen
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What is a peptide bond?
- the bond that connects the acid end of one a.a. with the amino end of another, forming a link in a protein chain.
- - condenstation reaction
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What is transamination and synthesis of a nonessential a.a.?
- one molecule to another making it from another a.a.
- Transform amino group (NH3) from amino acid to keto acid to form a new amino acid and new keto acid.
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The nonessential a.a are made involves?
using other a.a.
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most protein contains how many a.a.?
a few dozen to several hundred.
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poly peptide is a?
protein
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what type of peptides can you have?
- di=2
- tri=3
- poly=4
- sequence of a.a. tells them what to do.
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denaturation is?
- uncoiling of a protein
- happens when you heat it up
- easier to digest
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Shape of a protein structure does what?
- gives different functions
- different structures let them do different things
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protein structures?
- different side chains on different a.a. have various chemical properties
- -water to the inside forces twist and bend in the protein.
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what is the role of protein in food?
is not to provide specific body protein directly but to supply the a.a. from which the body can make its own proteins.
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hydrochloric does what?
denatures protein activates pepsion.
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pepsion does what?
break protein up to small units.
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What is protein digestion?
digestion-->AA-->absorption-->blood-->tissues--> make protein that we need.
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DNA stands for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
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RNA stands for?
Ribonucleic Acid
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Transcription is?
- DNA-->RNA
- step 1 of protein synthesis overview
- uncoil DNA and copy it to mRNA
- goes on in nucleous then leaves.
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protein made from DNA is what makes you?
- you
- gene expression is protein expression.
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Translation is?
- transfer RNA bring a.a to mRNA
- have to be in a certain order
- tells which one to site down.
- translating them into protein.
- hemogloben can't carry oxygen well.
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proteins are very versatile what 2 things can they do?
facilitate actions in the body and sometimes they are just used.
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An enzyme is?
protein that facilitate chemical reactions w/out being changed in the process.
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3 jobs of an enzyme are?
- 1. break down substance
- 2. make a new substance
- 3. transform a substance into another
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collogen makes up?
- most of bone and tissue
- building blocks protein in our tissue.
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hormones are?
- chemical messengers not all hormones are protein but most are.
- tell certain part of the body to do something.
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Fluid balance is?
- control of fluid inside cell and outside of cell
- water goes were protein is
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intercellular is??
in cell
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extercellular is?
outside cell
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interstitial is?
between cells
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intravascular is?
with in blood vessels.
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3 ways adema occurs?
- 1. excessive protein due to kidney disease
- 2. inadiquit protein sithases due to protein
- 3. inadiquit protein intake
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ph balance?
- acids release h ions to buffer
- protein w/ neg. charge accepts them
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Transporters?
different proteins transport all sorts of things.
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immunity antigen is?
- anything you are exposed to that is not you.
- -body makes antibody that are protein.
- -these proteins allow you to have immunity
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Fibrin is critical for?
blood clotting
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opsin is in?
retna of eye (protein) when light hits protein it will change canfirmation ineshats sights
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Functions of protein as energy?
- protein can be used for energy
- can be used to provide energy and glucose.
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protein turnover is?
constantly breaking down protein and have to make new ones.
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Nitrogen balance is?
in a healthy adult protein sythises equals degrigation and protein intake (dietary) equals nitrogen excrition in feces, sweat, urine
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Nitrogen balance is used to?
estimate of protein requirement.
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Nin=Nout
zero nitrogen balance (equilibrium)
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Nin > Nout
- positive nitrogen balance
- body senthesies moves protein then it degreades
- ex: pregnancy and growth (children)
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Nin < Nout
- negative nitrogen balance
- body breaks down more protein then it makes.
- ex: some one starving
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how do you Make nonessential a.a.
breaking proteins down out of essiential a.a.
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how do you make other compounds?
a.a. tyrosine used to make neurotransmitters
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What does energy do in the roles of a.a.?
- main way store energy- fat
- not bodies intent to store energy as protein
- when it is deprived of energy it will use this.
- -body will lose lean mass
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What are the 2 protein quality?
- 1. does this provide proper balance of a.a. for body needs
- 2. is it digestable
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Complete protein contains?
- All essential a.a. must be provided at the sametime for protein sythesis to occur
- - 1 missing, a.a.= no protein
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Digestibility measures amount of?
amino acids absorbs for a given protein intake.
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high quality proteins?
- make all essintial amino acids needs in relavent to a human requires.
- ex: meat-red, fish, poultry
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Complementary proteins are?
- two or more dietary protein that when put together you get all essential a.a.
- ex: beans and rice
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reference point is?
- a standard protein that meets the essential a.a. requirements of preschool-age children
- -egg usually used
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Amino acid (chemical) scoring?
- compare protein in food to gold standard (egg)
- lower chemical score not as good for you.
- may not reflect the way the body will use protein.
- fails to take into account digestibility of a protein.
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Protein digestibility-corrected a.a. score
- like a.a. scoring
- takes into account digestibility
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Biological value?
measures of efficiency of a protein to support the body's needs.
look back over pae 9 in notes
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Protein efficiency ratio?
- measure weight gain in growing animals compared to its protein intake.
- growing animal- feed it source of protein if it grows good source if not can figure out why.
- nothing will go in baby food unless it goes through this.
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malnutrition?
not getting all nutritients they need.
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acute energy malnutrition?
- PEM caused be a recient event of food restriction
- -can tell by normal height thin for height
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Chronic energy malnutrition?
- long term food depervation
- -will be short for age
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Health effects of protein?
- if you don't have protein and can't make it you will die.
- no matter quality of calories not getting enough body will use protein for energy.
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Marasmas is?
- Chronic PEM- lack in both energy and protein
- -defisiant in almost everything
- - impair muscle and brain development
- - running on very basis of living life
- - body not good at absorbing nutrients
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Kwashiorkor is and the infections?
- can not make lipoproteins that carry fat from the liver so you end up with a fatty liver.
- -no antibodies = increase infection
- -increase infection= increase kwashiorkor
- - other proteins decrease making them mroe suseptable to infection
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Kwashiorkor acute verion of PEM is?
- getting enough calorie but not enough protein
- -kids will have adema (swelling in abdominal area)
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Vegan?
eat nothing to do with animal diet
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lactovegetarians?
eat milk based products
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lacto-ovo vegetarians
eat milk and eggs
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