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neuroglia
supporting cells
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supporting cells
neuroglia
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autonomic nervous system
controls smooth & cardiac muscle, glands, & fat cells
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controls smooth & cardiac muscle, glands, & fat cells
autonomic nervous system
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sensory neurons
afferent division of the PNS
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afferent division of the PNS
sensory neurons
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dual innervation
opposing effects
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opposing effects
dual innervation
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ganglia
masses of neuron cell bodies
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masses of neuron cell bodies
ganglia
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oligodendrocytes
cover CNS axons w/ myelin
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cover CNS axons w/ myelin
oligodendrocytes
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ascending tracts
carry sensory information to the brain
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carry sensory information to the brain
ascending tracts
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descending tracts
carry motor commands to spinal cord
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carry motor commands to spinal cord
descending tracts
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saltatory propagation
occurs along myelinated axons
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occurs along myelinated axons
saltatory propagation
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continuous propagation
occurs along unmyelinated axons
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occurs along unmyelinated axons
continuous propagation
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dura mater
outermost covering of brain & spinal cord
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outermost covering of brain & spinal cord
dura mater
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monosynaptic reflex
stretch reflex
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stretch reflex
monosynaptic reflex
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sympathetic division
"fight or flight"
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"fight or flight"
sympathetic division
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cerebellum
maintains muscle tone & posture
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maintains muscle tone & posture
cerebullum
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somatic nervous system
controls contractions of skeletal muscle
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controls contractions of skeletal muscle
somatic nervous system
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hypothalamus
link between nervous & endocrine system
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link between nervous & endocrine system
hypothalamus
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medulla oblongata
connects the brain to the spinal cord
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connects the brain to the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
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choroid plexus
production of CSF
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production of CSF
choroid plexus
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parasympathetic division
"rest & repose"
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"rest & repose"
parasympathetic division
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motor neurons
efferent division of the PNS
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efferent division of the PNS
motor neurons
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Regulation of the nervous system provides...
swift but brief responses to stimuli.
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All the motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are...
multipolar neurons.
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Depolarization of a neuron cell membrane will shift the membrane potential torward...
0 mV.
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The structural & functional link between the cerebral hemispheres & the components of the brain stem is the...
diencephalon.
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The ventricles of the brain are filled with...
cerebrospinal fluid.
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Reading, writing, & speaking are dependent on processing in the...
left cerebral hemisphere.
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Establishment of emotional states & related behavioral drives are functions of the...
limbic system.
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The final relay point for ascending sensory information that will be projected to the primary sensory cortex is the...
thalamus.
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Spinal nerves are called mixed nerves because they...
contain sensory & motor fibers.
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There is always a synapse between the CNS & the peripheral effector in...
the ANS.
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Approximately 75% of parasympathetic outflow is provided by the...
vagus nerve.
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State the all-or-none principle of action potentials.
The properties of the action potential are independent of the relative strength of the depolarization stimulus.
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Using the mnemonic device "Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly", list the 12 pairs of cranial nerves & their functions.
- 1) olfactory (smell)
- 2) optic (visual)
- 3) oculomotor (control 4 of 6 muscles of eye)
- 4) trochlear (innervate the superior oblique eye muscles)
- 5) trigeminal (mixed - ophthalmic, maxillary, & mandibular)
- 6) abducens (sixth extrinsic eye muscle - lateral rectus)
- 7) facial (scalp & face - presure & taste)
- 8) vestibulocochlear (balance, position, & movement; & cochlear nerves monitor hearing)
- 9) glossopharyngeal (mixed - innervate the tongue & pharynx & control swallowing)
- 10) vagus (mixed - autonomic control of visceral func. & have variety of motor)
- 11) accessory (internal branch wh/ inervates vol swallowing muscles of soft palate & external branch controls muscles assoc w/ the pectoral girdle)
- 12) hypoclossal (voluntary control over tongue movements)
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How does the emergence of sympathetic fibers from the spinal cord differ from the emergence of parasympathetic fiber?
The sympathetic preganglionic fibers emerge from the thoracolumbar area (T1 - L2) of the spinal cord. The parasympathetic firbers emerge from the brain stem & sacral region of the spinal cord (craniosacral).
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A graded potential...
- a) decreases w/ distance from the point of stimulation
- b) spreads passively because of local currents
- c) may involve either depolarization or hyperpolarization
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The loss of positive ions from the interior of a neuron produces...
hyperpolarization.
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What would happen if the ventral root of a spinal verve was damaged or transected?
Since the ventral roots contain axons of motor neurons, those muscles controlled by the neurons of the damaged root would be paralyzed.
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Which major part of the brain is associated with respiratory & cardiac activity?
medulla oblongata
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Why is response time in a monosynaptic reflex much faster thabn response time in a polysynaptic reflex?
A monosynaptic reflex only has 1 synapes vs more than 1 in the polysynaptic reflex.
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Compare the general effects of sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.
- 1) mental alertness S+ P-
- 2) metabolic rate S+ P-
- 3) digestive/urinary func S- P+
- 4) use of energy reserves S+ P-
- 5) respiratory rate S+ P-
- 6) heart rate/BP S+ P-
- 7) sweat glands S+ P-
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