A disease that is acquired in a clinical setting is known as a
nosocomial infection
A ______ is someone who does not become sick when harboring an infectious pathogen but has the potential to transmit the infectious pathogen to others
Carrier
Thweability to cause disease is associated with the _____of a pathogen
virulence
Microorganisms that normally colonize the skin and mucous membranes are referred to as ?
flora
A pathogen can be transmitted to a new host by...
Air
Food
Water
ARthropods
IF an individual's host defense is not functioning correctly, they are considered to be... ?
immunocompromised
The outcome of a infection is primarily dependent on _______, which, when adequately activated, eradicate the pathogen.
host defenses
The chemical process that takes place inside every cell and is responsible for the production of energy is referred to as ?
metabolism
When a large complex molecule is breoken down into smaller moleules, ____ has occured.
Catabolism
A pohotoautotroph is a microogranism that uses _____ as its carbon source and _____ as its energy source
CO2, sunlight
When an oxidation reaction is coupled with a reduction reaction, this is rferred to as
a redox reaction
In a chemical reaction, molecule X has gained one electron and has therefore been...
reduced
The location where a substrate fits into an enzyme is known as the ..?
active site
Enzyme reactions are affected by ...
Temp
Enzyme concentration
Concntration of substrate
pH
What are 4 characterisitics of glycolysis?
Anaerobic metabolism
substrate-level phsophorylation
Net production of 2 ATP
Glucose is oxidized to 2 pyruvate molecules
True or false... glycolysis takes place on microbial cell membranes or on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
false
What are 3 characterisitics of the kreb cycle?
Aerobic metabolism
Oxidation of carbon to CO2
Transfer of electrions to NAD and FAD
True or false, in the kreb cycle there is a direct acceptance of pyruvate, a three0carbon molecule, from glycolysis
fase
What is required to fuel anabolic reactions in cells?
ATP
What is the classification for a living organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound structures?
Prokaryote
Bacteria which have a spherical or ovoid shape are called
Cocci
Which of the following does not include a multicellular arrangemnet seen with spherical bacteria?
Streptobacillus
microscopic examination of staph aureus would reveal
clusters of cocci
Teh majority of bacteria are either__ or ___
gram - or gram +
Organisms that exploit a host's decreased resistance ot infection and cause disease are referred to as
opportunisitic
A successful infection by a pathogen requires that
the pathogen is able to multiply
the paghetn is transmissable to new hosts
Teh properties a pathogen possesses that permit establishment and the evasion of host defenses are called
virulence factors
Locations where pathogens gain access to a host are fererred to as
portals of entry
Which of the following is not associated with the portal of entry referred to as the parenteral route?
fecal-oral
___ are used by many pathogens to assist with anchoring them to host tissue
adhesins
A ____ is a thich layer of proteins, bacteria and matrix that coasts yoru teeth and provides a perfec environment or bacteria to expand and erode your teeth.
Biofilm
Infectious dose 50% (ID50) refers to the number of organisms required..
for 50% of exposed to show sigs of infection
____ made by bacteria destroys red blood cells in the host
hemolysin
Cnnective tissue in the host is compromised by the production of _____ by bacteria
hyalorunidase
Which of the following is not a characteristic of exotoxins
highly antigenic
cause disseminated intravascularclotting
lethal in small doses
causes diseminated iv clotting
which of the following is not a characteristic of endotoxins
extremely stable at high temps
induce fever in host
lethal in small doses
lethal in small doses
the location where infectious organisms can multiply and accumulate is referred to as the
reservor
An individual who seems healthy but infects others with disease-causing paothgens is known as a
carrier
Contact transmission may occur indirectly when a nonliving intermediate called a _____ is involved
fomite
Which of the following is not an example of contact transmission?
a housefly transfers pathogens from cow manure to the eye of a human
Infections with ____ are especially problematic in burn patients
pseudonomas aerigunosa
The most common anatomical site for a ospital-borne infection is
the urinary tract
The number of new cases of a particular disease contracted within defined population in a specified period is referred to as the ____ of the disease
incidence
the total number of ppl affected by a disease at any given time is the _____ of the disease
prevelence
What is he term used to describe diseases that rise sharply of a global scale?
pandemic
An epidemic arising from a shared, contaminated water supply is a
common-source outbreak
____ is the term used by microbiologists to describe the underlying cause of a disease
etiology
The ____of the body consists of a variety of microorganisms that case no harm to healhy hosts
microbial flora
The presenfe of bacteria in the blood is referred to as
bacteremia
A ___ disease is one in whic symptoms reappear at a time much later than the original infection
latent
If pathogens spread to the bloodstream or lymphatics and disseminate to other parts of the boyd, a _____ occurs
systemic infection
Diseases that take a long period to develop and also remain for long periods are referred to as
chronic
What are 2 characteritics of toxic shock?
bp decrewases
plamsa leaks from circualtion into tissue spaces
_____ has a sudden onset and causes widespread inflammation and necrosis of tissues
acte septic shock
neutrophils release ___ when bound to m proten: firbrinogen complexes during infections wth streptococcus pyogenes
heparin-binding protein
A new virus has been identified by DNA sequencing methods in a remote location in the south pacific. Te who is very concerned because infection with this virus has a death rae of 20% of all infected individuals and no vaccine is available. This is an example of a(n)______ disease
emerging infctious
Developing nations have seen a dramatic decrease in the number of fatal infectious diseases in the 20th century, attributed mainly to the
development of antbiotics
When gene segments are rearranged between two different viral strains through a gene "shufflig" event, this is called
re-assortment
SARS is trnsmitted by all of the following mechanisms except
droplet
fomite
direct contact
mosquitoes
aerosol
mosquitos
t or f... electron transport occurs in the cytoplasm
false, it does not
what do neurotoxins do?
disrupt signal transduction in the cells of the nervous system
true or false.. exotoxins make up part of the cell wall of gram positive bacteria
false, endos do for gram neg, but not exos for gram pos
Pateints with neutropenia are more susceptible to....
bacterial and fungal infections
t or f... neutropenia refers to a type of anemia in which rbc numbers are lower than usual
false, it refers to a low wbc count
Males and females are jut as likelty to acquire utis
false, women are more likely because they have a shorter urethra
AIDS is...
an emerging infectious disease
t or f.... legionaires disease is a re-emerging disease
false, it is not
What are Koch's postulates?
Every organism that cuases a specific disease must be the same
Pathogen is isolated from infected host
Pure pathgoen is put into different host and causes same disase
