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Vocoids
- vowels and glides
- vs contoids: every other consonant
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Lateral
one or both sides of tongue are lowered
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Central
- any consonant pronounced without any of the sides of the tongue lowered
- it is all other consonant and vowel (especially rhotics)
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Free variation vs Complementary distribution
- Free variation: allophones or phonemes that occur in the same context
- Complementary distribution: when they happen in different contexts
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When there is a consonant cluster that cannot be syllabified as a
- branching onset/coda and there is no adnacent vowel to break up the cluster
- Happens in unstressed syllables only, rhotics can be syllabic in
- stressed and unstressed syllables
- ie: glimmer → /glɪmɹ/ → /glɪmɚ/
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Aspiration vs Release & Fortis Release
- Aspirations:
- Release:
- Fortis release:
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Phonemic Differences vs Allophonic Differences
- PD: differences in sound which distinguishes meaning
- AD: differences within phonemes, depending on the context
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Underlying/Phonemic level vs Surface/Phonetic level
- Phonemic Level: level of contrast/opposition
- Phonetic Level: level of pronounciation
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Head-initial Diphtong
head + off-glide
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Head-final diphtong
on-glide + head
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Fake diphtong
- it can be predicted or derived by a rule
- if you don't pronounce the ɪ in eɪ, we still understand the
- word
- the eɪ is not a phoneme unlike true diphthongs
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