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development of short-term emotional or behavioral problems (sadness, tearfulness, hopelessness) in reaction to a recent identified stressor
adjustment disorder with depressed mood
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presence of depressed mood that has persisted for at least 1 year in children; negative mood make take form of irritability rather than depression; earlier onset than other forms of depression and more protracted course
dysthymic disorder
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at least 2 of these symptoms must accompany the periods of depression in dysthymic d/o
loss of pleasure in activities, feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, poor appetite or overeating, insomnia, poor concentration
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presence of 5 or move symptoms during 2-wk period, 1 of which must be depressed mood or irritability in children; onset relatively sudden
major depression
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____ or ____ major depression is diagnosed when an ind suffers from multiple repeating episodes
recurrent or chronic
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these episodes may be accompanied by psychotic symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations, which are seen in 1/3 to 1/2 of preadolescents diagnosed w/ major depression
severe depressive episodes
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term used for ind who experience chronic dysthymia punctuated by periods of major depression
double depression
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constellation of symptoms that co-occur, including feelings of sadness & loneliness, worry, & nervousness
depressive syndrome
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rates of depression are highest in kids who come from _____ homes
low-income, underprivileged homes
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signs of depression in infancy & toddlerhood
delays or loss of developmental accomplishments, sad face or gaze aversion, self-harming behavior (ex: head banging, self-biting), self-soothing behavior (ex: rocking), clinging & demanding behav alternate w/ apathy & listlessness
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signs of depression in preschool
unlikely to verbalize feelings, sad appearance, loss of interest in pleasurable activities, loss of cog & lang skills, social withdrawal, excessive separation anxiety, vague somatic complaints, irritability, sleep problms & nightmares
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signs of depression in school age
more similar to adults, depressed mood, low self-esteem, self-criticism, guilt, loss of motivation, disruptive & aggressive behavior, eating & sleeping disturbance, anhedonia, suicide
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signs of depression in adolescence
most likely to verbalize feelings, sharp mood swings & negativity, misbehavior, dropoff in academic achievement, hyersomnia, change in eating
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Most typically, the onset for major depression is in ______
mid- to late adolescence
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Mean age of onset for first major depressive episode is ___
15 years
-
Mean age of onset for dysthymic d/o
11 years
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by the time they reach age 16, girls are ___ as likely as boys to be diagnosed with depression
twice
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___ to ___ % of depressed kids & adolescents have at least one other d/o
40-70%
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14-36% of depressed boys also have
conduct disorder
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With girls' depression is more likely to be accompanied by
anxiety
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Kids, adol, & adults w/ depression are at higher risk for developing depression, w/ a genetic component estimated at about ___ to ___ %
20-45%
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characterized by feelings of loneliness & helplessness as well as fear of abandonment, cling to relationships w/ others, unmet longs to be cared for & nurtured
dependent or anaclitic depression
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seen in infants who lose their (good) mothers w/ first 3 months; doesnt happen very often
anaclitic depression
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characterized by feelings of unworthiness, inferiority, failure, and guilt; extremely high internal standards; chronic fear of disapproval & criticism
self-critical or introjective depression
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Beck's cognitive triad
attributions of worthlessness, helplessness, and hopelessness
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those prone to _____ are more vulnerable to depression
rumination (go over & over negative events)
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An ____ family environment predicts the development of depression in children & adolescents
emotionally aversive
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____ more than doubles the risk of a child's developing depression across the life course
maternal depression
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two dimensions of depressed parenting:
withdrawal and intrusiveness
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guilt, worthlessness, apprehension, and fear (mixed anxiety & depression)
agitation related depression
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_____ is a negative prognostic sign for depression
early age of onset
-
children who appear to be very driven, wound-up, & consumed w/ the idea that no one likes them; create situations to exp rejection; self-punitive; sleeping & eating disorders
mask depression
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a repetitive & persistant pattern of behavior in which either the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated
conduct disorder
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Conduct d/o may occur in these 4 categories:
aggression to ppl & animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, serious violation of rules
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childhood onset of conduct disorder occurs...
prior to age 10
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adolescent onset of conduct disorder has...
absence of characteristics prior to age 10
-
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The diagnosis of CD is about ___ times for common in boys than in girls, although gap may narrow in adolesence
4
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Overt aggression, phy violence, accompanied by multiple problms (neuropsychological deficits, inattention, impulsivity, poor school performance), show persistance across life span
childhood-onset CD
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Occurs most often in males and is predicted by antisocial behavior in parents & disturbed parent-child relationships
childhood-onset CD
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normal early development, less severe behavior problems in adolescence (esp. violence against others), just as likely to be female, fewer comorbid problems
adolescent-onset CD
-
____ and ____ are the diagnostic categories most commonly assoc w/ CD
ADHD & oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD)
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coercion theory
starting early on, kids get rewared for engaging in bad behavior
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Youths with CD are more likely to have been victims of ____
child maltreatment
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The most powerful parent-related predictor of CD in children is parent _____
antisocial personality d/o
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