endocrine system

includes all the glands of the body that secrete horomes directly into the blood stream

ducts

chemical stimulants that control changes in the body; only released to stimulate a chemical reaction

endrocrinologist

specific tissues called target tissues

endocrine cells (PPTPA)--pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland

PTTOH-pancreas, thymus, testes, ovaries, hypothalamus

blood and lymph vessels

amino acids or small proteins as part of their structure

hormones that contain a cholesterol group as part of its structure

a program response/reaction takes place

secreted by an endocrine gland to stimulate activity of another endocrine gland

Humoral stimuli (glands responds to chemical changes in body such as changing levels or ions or nutrients in body)

neural stimuli (some glands are signaled by nervous system-sympathetic nerves to release hormones in order to induce physiological changes),

Hormonal stimuli (some endocrine glands are controlled by other endocrine glands and thus respond to hormones),

feedback loops (hormone levels are also controlled by feedback loops that either stimulate or halt production of hormone)

within the cranium inferior to brain sitting on hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica (sphenoid bone) connecting to hypothalumus through infundibulum

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary gland (neurohyphophysis)

PSMAGTFL-Prolactin, Somatotropic hormone (SH), Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), Adrenocorcictropic hormone (ACTH), Growth Hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Leutinizing hormone (LH)

signals growth of the body

signals growth of the body

stimulates breast tissue to produce milk

stimulates thyroid gland to secrete hormones that influence metabolism

stimulates adrenal gland to signal its hormones that help us deal with stress

stimulates melanocytes of epidermis to produce more melanin, thus darkening the skin

acts on testes or ovaries stimulating maturation of egg/sperm & induces scretion of sex hormones

during menstrual cycle it signals ovulation

composed of neurons; stores those produced by hypothalamus & releases them when it receives a neural impulse

AO-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) & Oxytocin

stimulates collecting tubules of kidney to concentrate the urine in order to reduce water loss

induces contractions of smooth muscle of sexual organs, such when a mother experiences contractions of uterus during labor

just inferior to larynx

releases thyroid hormones and calcitonin

thyroid homone and calcitonin

T3 & T4, amino acid based hormones that contain iodine, main function is to increase metabolic rate

reduces excessive levels of calcium ions in blood by slowing down osteoclast activity, actively secreted during childhood

lies posterior to thyroid gland and releasess PTH (parathyroid hormone)

has opposite effect of calcitonin; increases calcium ion levels in blood by either activating osteoclast, stimulating kidney to reabsorb more calcium, or activation vitamin D production for calcium to be absorbed from food.

2 glands located superiorly to kidney

2 different glands with one structure (adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex)

releases adrenaline or epiphrine to assist in "fight or flight" response

secretes steroids called corticosteroids; has minralocorticoid and glucocorticoids

secreted in response to a decrease in blood volume or blood pressure stimulating kidneys to reabsorb more water or sodium

include cortisol

these hormones keep blood glucose levels high to maintain brain activity during stressful situations & can direct lymphocytes, or decrease inflammation

located in the brain, controlled by hypothalamus, composed of endocrine cells that secrete melatonin which regulates internal body clocks inducing sleep

located in abdominal cavity, contains endocrine cells called islets of langerhans, release insulin

stimulates absorption of glucose by tissue cells when blood glucose levels are high & also releases hlucagon that stimulates liver to release sugar into blood when blood glucose levels are low

located in lower neck, anterior thorax, & posterior to sternum. Function: secretes amino acid based hormones called thymic hormones like thymopoeitin & thymosin that stimulates t-lymphocytes to become immunocompetent

testes and overies are organs that secret steroid sex hormones; androgens are released

change into testosterone, estrogen, & progesterone maintaining primary & secondary sex characteristics & cells involved in reproduction

heart has sensory cells in atria that stimulate kidneys to produce more urine containing salt

GI tract has scattered cells that release amino acid/peptide hormones chemically similar to neurotransmitters & affect functions related to regulating digestion, blood chemistry, & blood flow

only when conception occurs & secretes hormones that prevent uterus from getting rid of nutrient layer to which it is attached

EPCH-estrogen, progesterone, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and human chorionic gondotropin (HCG)