Ch. 17 (Part 2)

TRUE.

infant's birth weight (7.5 lbs) DOUBLES by about 4 months of age (15 lbs)

infant's birth weight TRIPLES by the age of 1 year (22.5 lbs)

infant's length/height INCREASES by 50% during their 1st year

TRUE.

TRUE.

• good source of nutrients for young infants
• provides ALL the nutrients a healthy baby needs for its first 6 months of life, EXCEPT vitamin D
• provides immune protection against viral & bacterial infection
• perfect food for ALL infants during 1st year of life
• fewer respiratory infections
• lower chance of developing allergies
• lower risk of childhood obesity
• healthy development of jaws, teeth, & speech pattern contains living cells, hormones, active enzymes, & antibodies
• Carbohydrate in breast milk = Lactose, which is easy to digest & it enhances Calcium absorption
• Protein in breast milk is LOW
• Lipids in breast milk = MAIN source of energy
• contains Essential Fatty Acids (linoleic acid & linolenic acid)

• Breast Milk it contains 0.01 mg/day of Fluoride
• NO Fluoride supplements UNTIL 6 months

BABY FORMULA

• 1.) EXTRA 500 kcals/day
• 2.) mother's stored body fat ---it provides additional energy needed for lactation/breast feeding
• 3.) additional 12-15g of Protein DURING pregnancy

• 1.) Iron
• 2.) Folate
• 3.) Calcium

• oral & neuromuscular development DEPEND ON sucking
• breastfeeding demands baby to open mouth wide & move jaws back/forth & squeeze with gingiva to extract milk (suckling)
• breastfeeding encourages MAXIMUM jaw & chin development
• breastfeeding = LESS malocclusion; 40% LESS orthodontia if breastfed

should begin around 6 months

is determined by infant's developmental readiness


(greater calorie needs go hand in hand with development of fine motor skills)

• are SIMILAR to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, EXCEPT--infants do NOT need to LIMIT fat & cholesterol
• 40-50% cals NEED to come from fat

• Nutritional deficiencies &/or excesses during early oral development can have permanent deleterious effects
• developmental defects are COMMON in malnourished children

thumb sucking for LONG PERIODS of time pushes jaw line out of shape & causes a bucktoothed profile, narrow vault, & malocclusion

• bathes upper teeth in CHO-rich fluid
• favors growth of bacteria that produce acid, which dissolves tooth material
• may develop ECC
• NO fruit juice under 6 months

S. Mutans is acquired from the mother

the PRESENCE of 1 or MORE DMFT in ANY primary tooth in a child LESS THAN 71 months of age

Nursing Bottle Caries

is the LEADING oral health problem among children < 3 yrs old

is also a result of EXCESSIVE breastfeeding

YES.

• 1.) Maxillary incisors
• 2.) 1st molars
• 3.) Maxillary canines

the innoculation of S. Mutans from fermentable Carbohydrates (CHO's)

WITHIN 6 months of their 1st tooth eruption

it's about 2x more than an adult's Basal Metabolic Rate

• 1.) Vitamin A
• 2.) Vitamin D
• 3.) Calcium

TRUE.

• A newborn's digestive tracts is sterile & it takes weeks for the Vitamin K-producing bacteria to establish themselves in the baby's intestine
• To PREVENT uncontrolled bleeding in a newborn, a single dose of Vitamin K is given at birth

• is ONE of the MOST IMPORTANT nutrients for infants
• Breast milk or formula normally provide enough water to replace fluid flosses in a healthy infant

FOOD!

• Iron ranks HIGHEST on the list of nutrients MOST needing attention in infant nutrition
• Infant's stored iron supply from before birth runs out after their birthweight doubles, which is long before the end of the 1st year

• 1.) Sweets - sweets of any kind have NO place in baby's diet
• 2.) Sugar Alcohol-containing products - such as Sorbitol should be LIMITED bc can cause diarrhea
• 3.) Canned Vegetables - often contain TOO MUCH salt
• 4.) Honey - should NEVER be fed to infants bc of risk of botulism
• 5.) Fruit Juice (under age of 6 months) - provides NO nutritional benefit under age of 6 months & causes digestive upset; it is concentrated sugar; dilute with 50% water FIRST

• 1.) Provide ADEQUATE calories & nutrients to SUPPORT growth & development
• 2.) REDUCE risk of diet-related chronic diseases LATER in LIFE
• 3.) Adopt diet consistent with Dietary Guidelines for Americans for fat & cholesterol by age 5

• base their serving size on their appetite
• 1 Tbsp/year of life

NO.

Milk is a POOR source of IRON; LARGE amounts of milk INTERFERE with IRON ABSORPTION.

nuts, seeds, grapes, round candy, hot dogs, raw carrots, pretzels, potato chips, popcorn, peanut butter, raisins, caramel

RULE OF THUMB = kids AGE + 5 grams/day

DECREASE fat intake to 25-35% of total energy

• Children/Kids = 3 servings milk/day
• Adolescents/Teens = 4 servings milk/day

• Fat intake should NOT be limited BEFORE age 2
• Restricting fat early in life may compromise a child's growth & protein & nutrient intake

• Grow about 2-3 inches/year
• Gain 5 lbs/year
• Achieve 1/2 of adult height by age 2.5-3 years

1000 kcals + 100 kcal/year of life

• their energy REFUELS every 2-4 hours
• like texture of RAW vegetables BETTER THAN cooked vegetables

• = tooth exfoliation years
• systemic fluoride until age 16
• topical fluoride : gels, varnishes, water, dentifrices, rinses
• sealants
• diet is usually NOT OPTIMAL bc kids this age are busy & occupied

• is becoming PANDEMIC
• children are HEAVIER today than they were 20 or so years ago
• since late 1970s, the PREVALENCE of overweight children has DOUBLED & shows NO SIGN of slowing down

• FEMALE
• have FAMILY HISTORY of Type 2 Diabetes
• were born to mothers who had Gestational Diabetes while pregnant with them
• have Metabolic Syndrome
• have LOW family incomes
• are MORE SEDENTARY than their peers

impaired glucose tolerance, elevated blood triglycerides, & reduced HDL cholesterol

• Type 2 Diabetes
• Dental Caries
• Metabolic Syndrome

• ~ 85% of children with Type 2 Diabetes are OBESE, SEDENTARY, & have FAMILY HISTORY of OBESITY
• MOST are DIAGNOSED during PUBERTY, but is trending EARLIER

20% of children (ages 2-5) experience 80% of reported dental caries

• LOW parent education level
• living in poverty
• NOT breast fed
• skipping breakfast
• LOW fruit & vegetable intake
• NO dental visit for MORE THAN 1 year
• INADEQUATE Calcium & Vitamin D intake

caries rated is REDUCED by 60% by using fluoridated water during EARLY GROWTH PERIODS

• 1.) are the SINGLE BIGGEST source of refined sugars in the American diet
• 2.) are a MAJOR contributor to dental caries
• 3.) overall diet quality is COMPROMISED if nutrient-dense dairy products are REPLACED with calorie-dense soft drinks

the health of the mouth to be OVERLOOKED

• 1.) impairment of chewing
• 2.) pain while eating, causing a LIMIT in food intake

• 1.) Gum Disease
• 2.) Mastication, Sucking, Swallowing problem
• 3.) Bruxism, Clenching, Grinding
• 4.) Loose Teeth
• 5.) Tardive Dyskinesia/Tongue Thrusting
• 6.) Poor Muscle Tone
• 7.) Poor Chewing development

• 1.) Abnormal muscle tone & weakness
• 2.) Poor lip closure
• 3.) Tonic bite reflex
• 4.) Decreased jaw stability
• 5.) Oral hypersensitivity

• 1.) Tooth Decay
• 2.) Gum Disease

• Mouth deformities make tooth brushing & oral hygiene DIFFICULT
• Chewing & swallowing difficulties may require consumption of soft &/or pureed foods
• Certain medications can cause gingival overgrowth or dry mouth

• POOR oral hygiene
• food waste, which yields POOR nutrition
• medication effects: gingival overgrowth, xerostomia, bad taste

TRUE.