The metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia (elevated plasma glucose)?
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes sometimes coexists with ___ and ___.
hypertension and dyslipidemia
highest rates are seen in individuals who are __ yrs.
>60 years
The increasing prevalence in children is liked to __?
obesity
Type of diabetes characterized by a deficiency of insulin often attributable to an autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas.
Type 1 diabetes
-lack of insulin
-loss of insulin secreting beta cells of the pancreas
-appears early in life
-more closely linked to genetics than lifestyle
-requires regular liked insulin injections and blood glucose level checks
type 1 diabetes (10 % of cases)
Type of diabetes that insulin receptors become insensitive or resistant to insulin and because glucose can't move easily into cells, hyperglycemia results.
Type 2 diabetes
-Characterized by insulin resistance
-insulin receptors no longer respond normally to insulin
-glucose entry into cell is impaired leads to hyperglycemia
-plasma insulin levels may be supressed, normal, or elevated
-controlled through diet and exercise in some individuals
-meds usually required
type 2 diabetes (most common, 90% of diabetic population)
T/F
Type 2 diabetes develops over time?
true
Type 2 diabetes first appears as impaired fasting glucose. What is the concentration?
100-125 mg/dl
It can also occur as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
What is this?
blood glucose after injection of CHO is higher than normal and remains elevated longer than normal
glucose level is 140-199 mg/dl for 2 hours after oral glucose tolerance test.
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus
vision impairment
kidney disease
peripheral vascular disease
arthersclerosis
hypertension
poor healing of wounds
neuropathy
More than ___ MILLION americans have diabetes and __% are type 2 diabetes
20 MILLION
90%
Interpreting plasma Glucose Levels
What is normal plasma glucose concentration?
less than 100 mg/dl but not above 60 mg/dl
Interpreting plasma Glucose Levels
Fasting glucose concentrations are between?
100-125
Prediabetes ?
individuals with either impaired fasting glucose or imparied glucose tolerence.
Prediabetes evolves into what?
type 2 diabetes and it affects 41 MILLION americans
Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Fasting plasma glucose >___ mg/dl on two separate occasions.
>126 mg/dl
Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes symptoms
Unusual thirst
frequent urination
unexplained weight loss
casual plasma glucose >200 mg/dl
Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus
A glucose ___ mg/dl two hours after ingesting 75 g of CHO.
>200 mg/dl
-Inability to maintain normal glucose levels during pregnancy even with treatment
-7% of all pregnancies
-Risk : Obesity
-Resolves: Post partum
-Resembles type 2 diabetes- genetic, insulin resistance, and deficient insulin reverse
Gestational DM
Can exercise prevent type 2 diabetes?
NO,
However diabetic clients can gain many health benefits from exercise.
Can exercise treat and prevent type 2 diabetes?
YES
Regular activity reduces risk by 30-50 %
T/F
People who have impaired glucose tolerance are less likely to develop diabetes if they begin exercise regularly.
True
How can exercise benefit the treatment of type 2 diabetes?
lowers fasting blood glucose
improves insulin sensitivity
improves glucose tolerance
reduces disease risk - CHD, dyslipidemia, HTN, and obesity
improves quality of life
stress management
Exercise risks
hypoglycemia
worsening of hyperglycemia
cardiovascular accidents
degenerative joint damage
microvascular damage, eyes, kidneys
orthopedic injury or ulcest and feet
Exercise RX for DM
MODE-- aerobic (resistance training also recommended)
FREQUENCY-- 3-5 days similar to obesity
INTENSITY-- 50-70% VO2max
DURATION-- 20-60 min
To avoid exercise induced hyperglycemia
what do you do?
measure blood glucose immediately before and 15 min after exercise
consume CHO if glucose is less than 100 mg/dl
delay exercise if glucose is more than 250 mg/dl with ketone bodies or over 300 mg/dl without ketones
avoid exercising during times of peak insulin action
What is the condition which several coronary heart disease risk factors all cluster together?
Metabolic Syndrome (Syndrome X)
What are some of the CHD factors that are included in Met Syn?
dislipidemia
insulin resistance
elevated BP... etc
Metabolic Syndrome increases risk of __ and __.
Type 2 diabetes and CVD
For MET Syndrome you must have 3 or more of the following:
