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parasitology
the study of parasites and parasitism
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symbiosis
sym-together and biosis-living, the association of 2 different living organisms of 2 different species having a temporary or permanent association
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predation
short lived association between symbionts
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phoresis
phore- to carry, mechanical transmission of an organism, the larger carries the smallest symbiont
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mutualism
"mutual" benefit of symbionts
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commensalism
one benefits while the other neither benefits or is harmed
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parasitism
different species where parasite lives in or on host and may or may not cause harm, parasite is metabolically dependant on the host
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ectoparasite
lives on the host, produces an infestation
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endoparasite
lives in the host, produces an infection in the host
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temporary, stationary, permanent
times spent on host
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incidental parasite (accidental)
not normally found in the host
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erratic parasite (aberrant)
found in unusual places within host, heartworms in the skin
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pseudoparasite
an 'apparent' parasite, not acutally parasite
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obligate parasite
must live on host to survive
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facultative parasite
free living, but can live on host
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life cycle
the entire sequence of developmental stages in the life of a parasite from the adult of one generation to the adult stage in the next generation
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direct
life cycle where parasites move directly from one host to another host
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indirect
life cycle where the parasite requires at least on intermediate host to complete life cycle
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passive
route of transmission that does not 'travel' to host, host ingestion or maternal transfer
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active
route of transmission where the parasite travels to host and or aggresively penetrates
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mosquitos
vector for: heartworms, equine encephalitis, equine infections anemia, west nile
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ticks
vector for: rickettsial disease, lyme, rocky mountain spotted fever
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fleas
vector for: tapeworms, bartonella
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definitive host (final host)
harbors adult, sexual, or mature stages of the parasite
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intermediate host
harbors larval, immature, juvenile, or asexual stages of the parasite. 'carrier' host or vector
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incidental host (accidental)
harbors a parasite 'not intended' for the species
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zoonotic
in man is the incidental host then the parasite is
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (ken poured coffee on freds good shirt)
linnaean classification system
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animalia, plants, protista (unicellular organisms), monera (algae), fungi
5 kingdoms
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platyhelminthes, archelminthes, acanthocephalans, annelids, arthropods
phylum of kingdom animalia
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protozoans
phylum of kingdom protista
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alimentary parasites
parasites from the GI tract
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Dirofilaria Immitis
Nematodes (roundworms), heartworms
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heartworm, dirofilaria immitis
- indirect life cycle
- more common in dogs than cats
- reside in right ventricle or pulmonary artery
- female is live bearer of L1 larvae
- intermediate host in mosquito
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5-6 months
heartworm prepatent period (the time from penetration of larvae into the skin until microfilaria are seen in blood stream)
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vena caval syndrome
sudden maturing of large numbers of adult worms, causes 'back-ups' of worms in right ventricle, right atrium, caudal vena cava
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Dipetalonema reconditum
non-pathogenic, filarial nemtode
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antigen test
test for specific proteins on surface of adult worms, ELISA, well tests. The test for actual worms in dogs
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antibody test
test for immune reaction to adult worms, ELISA, well tests. The test to see if you have been exposed, reliable in cats
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ancillary HWM diagnostics
- radiology detects enlarged heart
- CBC shows eosinophilia
- chemistries evaluates kidneys/liver
- ECG evaluates arrhythmias
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echocardiograms
evaluates chambers and arteries for worms
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adulticides
kills adult heartworms (L5), Immiticide
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microfilaricide
kills circulating microfilaria (L1), eliminates carrier state, Ivermectin and milbemycin
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heartworm disease prevention
prevent infective larvae (L3) from developing into adult heartworms (L5)
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"Feline Infectious Anemia", Mycoplasma spp.
RBC destruction and anemia caused by a parasitic attachment to the surface of RBC's and subsequent immune response by host (CAT). Vector: ticks, fleas, animal bites and maternal blood. Treatment: Doxycycline
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arthropod
- 'jointed foot/appendage'
- exoskeleton of chitin
- separate sexes
- egg produces
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class insecta
cockroaches, beetles, moths, butterflies, ants, bees, wasps, mosquitos, sucking/chewing lice, fleas
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class acarina
mites, ticks, spiders, crabs, crayfish, millipedes
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class insecta
- 3 prs of segmented legs
- 3 body sections
- compound eyes
- +/- wings
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Ctenocephalides felis
most prevalent flea, broad host range
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Ctenocephalides canis
flea infrequently seen on dogs, rarely seen on cats
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flea life cycle
- complex metamorphosis w/in 30 days
- 1. eggs
- 2. larva
- 3. pupae
- 4. adults
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pupae
most resistant part of the fleas life cycle
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mechanical and chemical
flea control, multimodal approach
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IGR-insect growth regulators
inhibits developmental stages of life cycles (collars)
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insecticides
- pet-imidacloprid, fipronil, selamectin
- environment-permethrin, organophosphates
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flea allergy dermatitis FAD
- crusty scabbing lessions of the skin
- alopecia and intense pruritus
- allergen is flea saliva
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mosquitos
- vector of heartworm, malaria, west nile
- females are blood feeders
- life cycle one month (all require water source)
- adults live 2 wks
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biting flies
- ex: deerflies, horseflies, stable flies
- vector of anthrax (cattle) and roundworms (horses)
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Myiasis
larval development in wound
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house fly
Musca domestica
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warbles
- Cuterebra, Hypoderma spp.aquired by rooting, eggs laid on the ground
- characteristic fistula on head/neck
- aberrant migration common
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lice
- mandibulate, 3prs of legs
- simple metamorphosis: egg (nit), lymph, adult
- life cycle one month
- direct contact transmission
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acarina
- 2 body compartments, mouthparts and abdomen
- egg, larva (6legs), nymph (8legs), adult
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acariasis
infestation of mites or ticks
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Demodex canis
- mites
- aquired from bitch at birth
- cigar shaped body with short stubby legs
- not zoonotic
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Sarcoptes scabei
- burrowing mites of dogs, cats
- zoonotic
- "scabies"
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Notoedres cati
- feline scabies
- yellow crusting of ears, face and neck
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Cheyletiella
walking dandruff/fur mites
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Otodectes cynotis
ear mites of cats and dogs
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Psoroptes cuniculi
ear mites of rabbits
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Psoroptes spp
scab mite of large animals
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Chorioptes spp
mites found on distal part of hind legs and tail of large animals
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ticks
- live <20 yrs
- consume <5ml blood/feeding
- egg, larvae (6legs), nymph (8legs), adult
- dorsoventrally flat bodie
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size, shape, color, body markings, host and location on host
IDing of ticks
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Rhipicephalus sanguineus
brown dog tick
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Dermacentor variabilis
american dog tick
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Amblyomma americanum
lone star tick
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Ixodes scapularis
blacklegged/deertick
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nematodes
- phylum archelminthes
- ascarids - roundworms
- hookworms
- whipworms
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prepatent period
time from point of infection by a nematode until specific diagnostic stage can be recovered
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unembryonated
unlarvated egg
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tracheal migration
- larvae that migrate to the lungs are coughed up and then swallowed by the host
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roundworms (ascarids) and tapeworms
2 intestinal worms clients can see
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Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati
Toxascaris leonina
- dog roundworm
- cat roundworm
- dog and cat roundworm
- prepatent period is 30 days
- infective stage is L2
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roundworms
zoonotic, visceral and occular migrants
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Ancylostoma caninum
- hookworms
- infective larve L3
- can burrow through skin, cutaneous migrants
- zoonotic
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Trichuris vulpis
- whipworm
- found in mucosa of colon and cecum
- infective stage is L1
- prepatent period is 70-90days
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Capillaria plica
Capillaria feliscati
- bladder worm of dog
- bladder worm of cat
- intermediate host is earthworm (L1stage)
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Dictophyma renale
- kidney worm
- largest nematode
- ingests nephrons in right kidney leaving a kidney shell
- intermediate host is raw fish or frogs (L1)
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Giardia
- protozoan, intestinal
- prepatent period of 1-2wks
- zoonotic
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trophozoite
cyst
- 4 pairs of flagella, motile (Giardia)
- four nuclei, non-motile, infective
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Metronidazole (flagyl)
Abendozole
Fenbendazole (panacur)
Giardia medications
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Isospora, Eimeria, Sarcocystis
coccidia species (reside intracellularly)
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Toxoplasma gondii
- coccidia of cats
- zoonotic potential (HIV persons, expectant mothers)
- eyes inflammation, head pressing
- concurrent diseases FeLV, FIV
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Cryptosporidium
protozoans of small intestine, wide variety of animals inc dogs and cats, zoonotic
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cestodes, tapeworms
- indirect life cycle, needs int host
- prepatent period of 30 days
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proglottid
segments that comprise the body of a cestode
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scolex
head of a cestode by which it attaches to its host
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cysticeroid
microscopic larval stage (associated w/ Dipylidium caninum)
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Dipylidium caninum
tapeworm whose host is the flea
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Taenia spp
tapeworm whose intermediate host is the rodent
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Echinococcus spp
tapeworms that are zoonotic
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trematodes
flukes, flatworms with unsegmented shape that lacks a body cavity
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Paragonimus kellicotti
lung fluke of dogs and cats
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Fasciola hepatica
liver fluke of cattle and sheep
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Paramphistomum
rumen fluke of cattle, sheep and goats
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Platynosomum fastosum
liver fluke of cats
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Nanophyetus salmincola
dogs flukes, small intestine and vector for rickettsial agents
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