Biology ch 6-10

useful for studying surface structures, great depth of field resulting in image that are 3d

visible light passes through the specimen and then through glass lenses

region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. All the material within the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell.

build a cell's proteins. cell types that synthesize large quantities of proteins have large number of ? and prominent nucleoli.

Includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.

digestive compartments. a membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules.

change energy from one form to another. organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work

sites of cellular respiration, generating atp from the catabolism of sugars, fats, and other fuels in the presence of oxygen.

found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis; convert solar energy to chemical energy and synthesize new organic compounds-sugars from co2 and h2o.

contents of the chloroplast are seperated from the cytosol by an envelope consisting of two membranes separated by a narrow inter membrane space. inside the innermost membrane is a fluid-filled space. contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

flattened sacs that play a crtitical role in converting light to chemical energy. stacked like poker chips into grana

Network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell. A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. organizes the structures and activities of the cell provides support, motility, and regulation, provides mechanical support and maintains cell shape, provides anchorage for many organelles and cytosolic enzymes.

The 3 main types of fibers making up the cytoskeleton

The passage of water through the membrane can be greatly facilitated by channel proteins

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane; it requires no energy from the cell to make it happen

The passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient via transport proteins

Uses energy to move solutes against thier gradients. requires cell to expend metabolic energy, enables cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules that would otherwise diffuse across the membrane

Voltage across the membrane; ranges from -50 to -200mV

transport vesicle budded from the golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane.

A cell brings in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane. A small area of the plasma membrane sinks inward to form a pocket. As the pocket deepens, it pinches in to form a vesicle containing the material that had been outside the cell.

pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. A major pathway of ? is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water.

study of how organisms manage their energy resources.

Energy can be transfered and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. AKA the principle of conservation of energy. Plants do not produce energy; they transform light energy to chemical energy. During every transfer of transformation of energy, some energy is converted to heat, which is the energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules creating entropy.

Facts

mosaics of structure and function; a collage of different proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer. proteins determine most of the ?'s specific functions.

membrane-surface molecules thought to be most important as cells recognize each other

Important for cell-to-cell recognition; usually branched oligosaccharides with fewer than 15 sugar units. they may be covalently bonded to lipids, forming glycolipids or more commonly to proteins, forming glycoproteins.

fact

Fact

Fact

Fact

quantity used as a measure of disorder or randomness. The more random a collection of matter, the greater it's ?; The second law of thermodynamics states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the ? of the universe

proceeds with a net release of free energy; change in energy is negative

Absorbs free energy from its surroundings; stores energy in molecules; change in energy is positive

In the cell, the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to endergonic processes by the transfer of the phosphate group to another molecule. This recipient molecule is...

A chemical agent that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Fact

Fact

nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity; bind permanently or reversibly to the enzyme; inorganic ? include zinc, iron, and copper.

organic cofactors are called...; many vitamis are...

feedback inhibition in which an early step in metabolic pathway is switched off by the parthways final product. The product acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme in the pathway

Cellular Respiration (Facts)

Reactions that result in the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another;

the loss of electrons

the addition of electrons is; each oxygen atom has partially "gained" electrons, and so the oxygen molecule has been reduced.

Fact

Fact

net yeild is 2ATP and 2NADH per glucose; no CO2 is produced; it can occur whether o2 is present or not.

completes the energy-yeilding oxidation of organic molecules. Ten molecules of CO2 would be produced by five turns (2 molecules for a single cycle)

Atp systhase, scientists have learned how the flow of h+ through large enzyme powers atp generation. Creating the H+ gradient is the functions of the electron transport chain. this coupling of the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to atp synthesis; an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work.

How efficient is respiration in generating atp?

enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen; provides mechanism by which some cells can oxidize organic fuel and generate ATP without the use of oxygen. Anaerobic catabolism of sugars can occur...

Fact

an allosteric enzyme with receptor sites for specific inhibitors and activators. It is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP (derived from ADP)

produce their organic molecules from co2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment.

Use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic compounds

harvest energy from oxidizing inorganic substances, e.g sulfur and ammonia.; unique to prokaryotes

live on organic compunds produced by other organisms; consumers of the biosphere

converts light energy to the chemical energy of food.

all green parts of a plant; the leaves are the major site of photosynthesis for most plants

the green pigment in the chloroplasts; plays an important role in the absorption of light energy during photosynthesis

Fact

has a reaction center chlorophyll a that has an absorption peak at 700 nm wavelength.

has a reaction center chlorophyll b has an absorption peak at 680nm; absorbs a photon of light

Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by the same mechanism; in both organelles, an electron transport chain pumps protons across a membrane as electrons are passed along a series of increasingly electronegative carriers. This transforms redox energy to a proton-motive force in the form of an h+ gradient across the membrane

uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar; the actual product of the cycle is not glucose but a three carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (g3p). Each turn fixes one carbon. For the net synthesis of one g3p molecule, the cycle must take place three times, fixing three molecules of CO2.

The Calvin Cycle has three phases