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cyst/o, vesic/o
bladder or sac
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glomerul/o
glomerulus (small ball)
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gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o
glucose (sugar)
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ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies
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pyel/o
renal pelvis (basin)
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kidneys
two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine
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cortex
outer part of the kidney
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hilum
indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave
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medulla
inner part of the kidney
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calices or calyces
ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis
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nephron
microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each of which is capable of forming urine
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glomerulus
small, ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron
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Bowman capsule
top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus
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renal tubule
stem portion of the nephron
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ureter
tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
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renal pelvis
basin-like portion of the ureter within the kidney
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ureteropelvic junction
point of connection between the renal pelvis and the ureter
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urinary bladder
sac that holds the urine
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urethra
single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body
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urethral meatus
opening in the urethra to the outside of the body
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urine
fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products
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urea
waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and exreted in urine
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creatinine
waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
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albuminuria/proteinuria
presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise
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anuria
absence of urine formation
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bacteriuria
presence of bacteria in the urine
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dysuria
painful urination
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enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control
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nocturnal enuresis
bed-wetting during sleep
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glucosuria/glycosuria
glucose (sugar) in the urine
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hematuria
presence of blood in the urine
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incontinence
involuntary discharge of urine or feces
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stress urinary incontinence (SUI)
involuntary dischare of urine with coughing, sneezing and/or strained exercise
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ketonuria
presence of ketone bodies in the urine
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ketone bodies/ketone cmpds
acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid; products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal utilization of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation
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nocturia
urination at night
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oliguria
scanty production of urine
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polyuria
condition of excessive urination
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pyuria
presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection
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urinary retention
retention of urine resulting from an inability to void (urinate) naturally b/c of spasm or obstruction
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adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD)
inherited condition of multiple cysts that gradually form in the kidney, causing, destruction of normal tissue that leads to renal failure; diagnosed in adults presenting with hypertension, kidney enlargement, and recurrent urinary tract infection (UTIs)
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glomerulonephritis
form of nephritis involving the glomerulus
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hydronephrosis
pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine
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nephritis
inflammation of the kidney
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pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
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nephrosis
degenerative disease of the renal tubules
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nephrolithiasis
presence of a renal stone or stones
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cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
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urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
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urethrocystitis
inflammation of the urethra and bladder
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urethral stenosis
narrowed condition of the urethra
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urinary tract infection (UTI)
invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonlyh bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise
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uremia/azotemia
excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure
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cystoscopy
examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope
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kidney biopsty/renal biopsy
removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination
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intravenous pyelogram (IVP)/intravenous urogram (IVU)
x-ray image of the urinary tract obtained after and iodine contrast medium has been injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma
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kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)
abdominal x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; typically used as a scout film before obtaining an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
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scout film
plain-film x-ray image obtained to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging
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renal angiogram/renal arteriogram
x-ray image of the renal artery obtained after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery
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retrograde pyelogram (RP)/ retrograde urogram
x-ray image of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis obtained after contrast medium has been injected up to the kidney by way of a small catheter passed through a cystoscope; used to detect the presence of stones, obstruction, etc.
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voiding cystourethrogram
x-ray image of the bladder and urethra obtained during urination
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abdominal sonogram
abdominal ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder
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urinalysis (UA)
physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine
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specific gravity (SpGr)
measure of the concentration or dilution of urine
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pH
measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine
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gluccose
chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine; most often used to screen for diabetes
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albumin (alb)
chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine
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ketones
chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates that fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs during starvation or an uncontrolled diabetic state
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urine occult blood
chemical ttest for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys
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bilirubin
chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease
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urobilinogen
chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine; increased amounts are seen in gallbladder and liver disease
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nitrite
chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine
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microscopic findings
microscopic identification of abnormal constituents in the urine; reported per high- or low- power field
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urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)
isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified, as are drugs to which they are sensitive
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the inability of one or both kidneys to excrete urea
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creatinine, serum
test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood; useful in assessing kidney function
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creatinine, urine
test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine
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creatinine clearance testing
measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and in a 240hour urine specimen to determine the rate at which creatinine is "cleared" from the blood by the kidneys
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urologic endoscopic surgery
use of specialized endoscopes within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures, such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, placement of a stent
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resectoscope
urologic endoscope inserted throught the urethra to resect (cut and remove) lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate
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intracorporeal lithotripsy
method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using discharges of electrical energy that are transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones
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nephrotomy
incision into the kidney
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nephrorrhaphy
suture of an injured kidney
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nephrolithotomy
incision into the kidney for the removal of stones
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nephrectomy
excision of a kidney
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pyeloplasty
surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis
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stent placement
use of a device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes
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kidney transplantation/ renal transplantation
transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another (recipient)
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urinary diversion
creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or diseases
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noncontinent ileal conduit
removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen; urine drains continually into an external appliance; noncontinent indicates that urine cannot be held and drains continually
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continent urostomy
an internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine that diverts urine through an opening that is brought through the abdominal wall; a valve is created internally to prevent leakage; and the patient empties the pouch by catheterization; continent refers to the ability to hold or retain urine
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orthotopic bladder/neobladder
bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing "natural" voiding
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extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
procedure using ultrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder
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kidney dialysis
methods of filtering impurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure
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hemodialysis
method of removing impurities by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine
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peritoneal dialysis
method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid that is washed in and out in cycles
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urinary catheterization
methods of placing a tube into the bladder to drain or collect urine
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straight catheter
a type of catheter that is inserted through the urethra into the bladder to relieve urinary retention or to collect a sterile specimen of urine for testing; the catheter is removed immediately after the procedure
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foley catheter
indwelling catheter inserted through the urethra and into the bladder that includes a collection system allowing urine to be drained into a bag; the catheter can remain in place or an extended period
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suprapubin catheter
indwelling catheter inserted directly in the bladder through an abdominal incision above the pubic bone that indicates a collection system that allows urine to be drained into a bad; used in patients requiring long-term catheterization
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analgesic
drug that relieves pain
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antibiotic
drug that kills or inhibits the growht of microorganisms
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antispasmodic
drug that relieves spasm
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diuretic
drug that increases the secretion of urine
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APKD
adult polycystic kidney disease
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C&S
culture and sensitivity
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ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
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IVP
intravenous pyelogram
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KUB
kidneys, ureters, bladder
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SUI
stress urinary incontinence
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UTI
urinary tract infection
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VCU or VCUG
voiding cystourethrogram
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