Urinary System

protein

bacteria

bladder or sac

thrist

glomerulus (small ball)

glucose (sugar)

ketone bodies

stone

meatus (opening)

kidney

renal pelvis (basin)

pus

ureter

urethra

urine

two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine

outer part of the kidney

indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave

inner part of the kidney

ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis

microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each of which is capable of forming urine

small, ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron

top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus

stem portion of the nephron

tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

basin-like portion of the ureter within the kidney

point of connection between the renal pelvis and the ureter

sac that holds the urine

single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body

opening in the urethra to the outside of the body

fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products

waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and exreted in urine

waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine

presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise

absence of urine formation

presence of bacteria in the urine

painful urination

involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control

bed-wetting during sleep

glucose (sugar) in the urine

presence of blood in the urine

involuntary discharge of urine or feces

involuntary dischare of urine with coughing, sneezing and/or strained exercise

presence of ketone bodies in the urine

acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid; products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal utilization of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation

urination at night

scanty production of urine

condition of excessive urination

presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection

retention of urine resulting from an inability to void (urinate) naturally b/c of spasm or obstruction

inherited condition of multiple cysts that gradually form in the kidney, causing, destruction of normal tissue that leads to renal failure; diagnosed in adults presenting with hypertension, kidney enlargement, and recurrent urinary tract infection (UTIs)

form of nephritis involving the glomerulus

pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine

inflammation of the kidney

inflammation of the renal pelvis

degenerative disease of the renal tubules

presence of a renal stone or stones

inflammation of the bladder

inflammation of the urethra

inflammation of the urethra and bladder

narrowed condition of the urethra

invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonlyh bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise

excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure

examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope

removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination

x-ray image of the urinary tract obtained after and iodine contrast medium has been injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma

abdominal x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; typically used as a scout film before obtaining an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

plain-film x-ray image obtained to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging

x-ray image of the renal artery obtained after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery

x-ray image of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis obtained after contrast medium has been injected up to the kidney by way of a small catheter passed through a cystoscope; used to detect the presence of stones, obstruction, etc.

x-ray image of the bladder and urethra obtained during urination

abdominal ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder

physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine

measure of the concentration or dilution of urine

measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine

chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine; most often used to screen for diabetes

chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine

chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates that fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs during starvation or an uncontrolled diabetic state

chemical ttest for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys

chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease

chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine; increased amounts are seen in gallbladder and liver disease

chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine

microscopic identification of abnormal constituents in the urine; reported per high- or low- power field

isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified, as are drugs to which they are sensitive

blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the inability of one or both kidneys to excrete urea

test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood; useful in assessing kidney function

test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine

measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and in a 240hour urine specimen to determine the rate at which creatinine is "cleared" from the blood by the kidneys

use of specialized endoscopes within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures, such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, placement of a stent

urologic endoscope inserted throught the urethra to resect (cut and remove) lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate

method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using discharges of electrical energy that are transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones

incision into the kidney

suture of an injured kidney

incision into the kidney for the removal of stones

excision of a kidney

surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis

use of a device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes

transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another (recipient)

creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or diseases

removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen; urine drains continually into an external appliance; noncontinent indicates that urine cannot be held and drains continually

an internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine that diverts urine through an opening that is brought through the abdominal wall; a valve is created internally to prevent leakage; and the patient empties the pouch by catheterization; continent refers to the ability to hold or retain urine

bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing "natural" voiding

procedure using ultrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder

methods of filtering impurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure

method of removing impurities by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine

method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid that is washed in and out in cycles

methods of placing a tube into the bladder to drain or collect urine

a type of catheter that is inserted through the urethra into the bladder to relieve urinary retention or to collect a sterile specimen of urine for testing; the catheter is removed immediately after the procedure

indwelling catheter inserted through the urethra and into the bladder that includes a collection system allowing urine to be drained into a bag; the catheter can remain in place or an extended period

indwelling catheter inserted directly in the bladder through an abdominal incision above the pubic bone that indicates a collection system that allows urine to be drained into a bad; used in patients requiring long-term catheterization

drug that relieves pain

drug that kills or inhibits the growht of microorganisms

drug that relieves spasm

drug that increases the secretion of urine

albumin

adult polycystic kidney disease

blood urea nitrogen

biopsy

culture and sensitivity

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

high-power field

intravenous pyelogram

intravenous urogram

kidneys, ureters, bladder

low-power field

retrograde pyelogram

specific gravity

stress urinary incontinence

urinalysis

urinary tract infection

voiding cystourethrogram