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Parietal lobe
- * Located posterior to the frontal lobe
- * Central sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe
- * Receives sensory information from the skin
- * Understanding speech
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Ventricles of the brain
- * The brain contains interconnected cavities called ventricles
- * The cavities contain a fluid called the cerebrospinal fluid
- * Lateral ventricle, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle
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Temporal lobe
- * Located below the frontal lobe and parietal lobes
- * Function in receiving auditory stimuli
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Cerebrum
- * The brain is made of two hemispheres: Right and left
- * There are five lobes within the cerebral hemisphere: frontal parietal, temporal occipital, and insula
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Brain
- * Divide into four major portions:
- o Cerebrum-decision making
- o Diencephaon-
- o Brain stem-
- o Cerebellum-
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Frontal lobe (commands; motor lobe)
- * Forms the anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere
- * Location of the primary motor cortex
- * Stimulate skeletal muscle s
- * Reasonable for speech production
- * Function in concentration, planning and problem solving
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Occipital lobe
- * forms the posterior portion of cerebral hemisphere
- * Important in visual stimuli
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Medulla oblongata
- * Contains cardiac center
- o Heart rate
- * Vasomotor center
- o Stimulate smooth muscles arround blood vessels
- o Affects blood pressure
- * Respiratory center
- o Regulates respiratory center
- * Sneezing, coughing, swallowing, vomiting center
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Brain
- * The brain is composed to 100 billion neurons
- * Neurons communicate with each other or with other organs through synapses formation
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Diencephalon
- * Made of two regions
- o Thalamus
- o hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus
- * Regulates heart rate and blood pressure
- * Body temperature
- * Water and electrolytes balance
- * Control of hunger and body weight
- * Controls the secretion of the posterior pituitary gland
- * Sleep and wakefulness
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Midbrain
- * Contains the corticospinal tract responsible for connection between the cortex and spinal cord
- * Contains ceners for visual reflex and auditory refelx
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Pons
- * Located below the midbrain
- * Contains respiratory centers
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Ascending tracts
- * Spinothalamic tract
- * Carry information from the spinal cord to the thalamus
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Thalamus
- * central relay station for sensory impulses
- * It receives all sensory information except the sense of smell
- * Channels all the inputs into the proper region of the brain
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Anatomy of the spinal cord
- * Protected by vertebral column
- * Surrounded by three layers of the meninges
- * Roots extend to become spinal nerves
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Protection of the brain
- * The brain controls every function in the body and therefore must be heavily protected from trauma and injury
- * there are four levels of protection:
- o Skull
- o Meninges
- o Cerebrospinal fluid
- o Blood brain barrier
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Blood brain barrier
- * Chemical protection made of tight capillary network that prevents many chem and toxic material from passing to the brain
- * However it is not a complete barrier
- * It permits
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Meninges
- * Have three layers
- o Dura matter-
- * Tough white fibrous connective tissue
- * Contains many blood vessels
- * Archnoid
- o Thin membrane without blood vessels
- * Pia
- o Very thin membrane that contains blood vessels to nourish underlying nervous tissue
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Cerebellum
- * Located below the occipital lobe
- * Consists of two lateral hemispheres
- * Communicates with various parts of the cerebrum
- * Provides coordination of skeletal muscle movements
- * Integrates balance information
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Cross section of the spinal cord
- * Anterior median fissure is a groove that divides the spinal cord into right and left halves
- * Central gray matter is surrounded by white matter
- * Upper and lower wings of the gray matter are called posterior and anterior
- * Lateral horn is located laterally on the gray matter
- * White matter is divided into anterior, lateral, and posterior finiculi
- * The CSF circulates in the central canal
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Spinal cord
- * Slender nerve column that passes from the brain at the level of foramen magnum
- * Consists of 31 segments where 31 pairs of spinal nerves originate
- * Tapers and terminates at l1-l2
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Function of the spinal cord
- * The amterior horn contain cell bodies of motor neurons
- * Posterior and lateral horns contain interneurons
- * The white matter contain nerve tracts
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How does the cerebrospinal fluid circulate in the bran?
- * From the lateral ventricle, CSF ciculates through the interventricle foramen to the third ventricle
- * From the third ventricle, the CSF goes to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct
- * From the fourth ventricle, CSF travels through the central canal to the spinal cord and to the subarachnoid space
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Function of cerebrospinal fluid
- * Supports and protect the brain by acting as a shock absorber
- * Maintain a stable ionic concentration
- * Provide a pathway of waste products to the blood
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Descending tract
- * Corticospinal tract
- * Originates in the cortex of the brain and carries electrical signals to skeletal muscles
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Skull
- * Four major bones
- o Frontal
- o Parietal
- o Temporal
- o Occipital
- * Bones are connected together by strong fibrous suture joint
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