-
mesothelial layers of the pleura
- parietal- on wall
- visceral- on lungs
-
location of pleural fissure lines
- Right cranial and right middle lung lobe: rib 5-6
- Right middle and right caudal lung lobe: rib 7-8
- Left cranial and left caudal lung lobe: rib 6-7
- may not see unless abnormal
-
scalloped margin at base of heart
- pericardial fat
- see more in older dogs
-
R vs L lateral view of thorax
- R: see L lungs- L cranial and caudal, accessory
- L: see R lungs- R cranial, middle and caudal, accessory, tiny piece of L cranial lobe
-
pulmonary arteries and viens in lateral radiograph
- arteries are dorsal to bronchus
- veins are ventral to bronchus
-
pulmonary arteries and veins in VD/DV radiograph
- arteries are lateral to bronchus
- veins are medial to bronchus
-
mediastinum
- potential space btw the right and pleural sacs
- incomplete in dogs and cats
- transudates tend to be bilateral
- exudates tend to be unilateral (bc pus plugs hole)
-
cranial mediastinum
- trachea
- brachiocephalic trunk
- esophagus
- cranial mediastinal LN
- azygous vein
- internal thoracic artery and veins
- cranial vena cava
- nerves
- common carotid arteries
- thymus
-
middle mediastinum
- cardiac silhouette
- carina- bifurcation of bronchi
- tracheobronchial LN
- aorta
- esophagus
- phrenic nerve
- vagosympathetic trunk
-
caudal mediastinum
- caudal vena cava
- esophagus
- descending aorta
-
thymus in thoracic rad
- in left cranial thorax just above heart
- normal in young
-
cranial dorsal and ventral mediastinum
- cranial follows trachea
- caudal follows sternum
-
Left lateral view- unique things seen
- rounded heart
- separation of diaphragmatic crura- Lis dorsal
- right lung lobes seen
- distinct lobar vessels
-
Right lateral view- unique things seen
- egg shaped heart
- parallel diaphragmatic crura- R is more cranial
- superimposition of vessels
- left lung lobes seen
-
heart width in dog vs cat in lateral view
- D: 3-3.5 x width of intercostal space
- C: 2-3 x width of intercostal space
-
thoracic rad of chondrodystrophic breed
pleural indentations
-
dorsal deviation of trachea
flexion of head and neck
-
redundant tracheal muscle
esophagus and trachealis muscle overlie the dorsal margin of the trachea
-
clockface analogy- lateral
- 12-3 left atrium, left auricle
- 3-5 left ventricle
- 5-7:30 right ventricle
- 7:30-9 right atrium
- 9-11 great vessels
-
clockface analogy- VD/DV
- 11-1 aortic arch
- 1-2 main pulm artery
- 2:30-3 left auricle
- 2-5 left ventricle
- 5-9 right ventricle
- 9-11 right atrium
- 6 left atrium at bifurcation of trachea (2-3 in cat)
- 7 caudal vena cava
-
canine heart size
- 2.5-3.5 ICS
- 3/5 L of tracheal bifurcation
- 2/5 R of tracheal bifurcation
- 8.7-10.7 VHS
- exceptions- boxer, cocker, greyhound, lab
-
Vertebral heart score
- start at corina and connect to apex
- take line and put over vertebrae (start at 4th)
- count vert
- put line perpendicular to other
- take line and put over vert and count
- add 2 vert counts to get VHS
- canine normally 8.7-10.7
- feline normally <8
-
radiograph vs echocardiograph
- R: insentive, nonspecific, screening tool for cardiac abnormalities
- E: diagnostic tool
-
normal greyhound heart
- VD very oval and elongated bc thin dog
- lateral upright and small
-
normal silky terrier heart
round heart
-
normal cavalier king charles spaniel
chunky heart
-
normal dachshund heart
- peanut heart
- thin chest so heart looks big
-
heart appearance at end inspiration
heart looks small
-
pulmonary vessels on radiograph
- associated artery and vein should be symmetrical
- size compared to 4th rib on lateral and 9th rib on DV
- lateral view- artery, bronchus, vein (ventral)
- DV view- artery, bronchus, vein (medial)
- "vein is central and ventral"
-
lateral view of pulmonary vessels
- L or R cranial lobar vein is ventral (distinct on left lat but overlap on right lat)
- R cranial lobar artery 90 degree turn
- artery and vein same width as 4th rib
-
DV view of pulmonary vessels
- L or R caudal lobar vein is central
- artery and vein same width as 9th rib
-
end-on vessel
- vessel in cross section
- mistaken as pulm nodule
- vessels are next to bronchi
- associate with longitudinal vessels
- organized pattern
- opaque soft tissue
- well defined margins
-
pulmonary nodules
- not associated with vessels
- do not follow pattern
- any size
- well or ill defined margins
-
trachea
- see in lateral view
- uniform in diameter
- not straight if neck is bent
- can be superimposed with trachealis muscle or esophagus
- trachea:thoracic inlet is .2 in dog, .16 in brachycephalic
-
correct lateral positioning for rad
- pelvic limbs perpendicular to spine
- transverse processes of spine superimposed
-
Zone 1 lateral
- liver
- spleen head
- stomach- fundus and body
- adrenal glands
- kidneys- mostly right
- pancreas
-
Zone 1 VD
- liver
- gallbladder
- stomach- pylorus
- proximal duodenum
- adrenal gland- right
- kidney- right
- pancreas
-
Zone 2 lateral
- liver
- gallbladder
- stomach- body and pylorus
- pancreas
-
Zone 2 VD
- liver
- spleen- head
- stomach- fundus and body
-
Zone 3 lateral
- spleen- body and tail
- stomach- pylorus
- kidneys
- adrenal glands
- ureters
- pancreas
- mesenteric LN
- small intestine
- colon
- ovaries
- uterus
-
Zone 3 VD
- spleen
- stomach- body
- kidneys
- adrenals
- ureters
- pancreas
- mesenteric LN
- small intestine
- colon
- ovaries
- uterus
-
Zone 4 lateral
- medial iliac LN
- ureters
- colon
- uterus
- urinary bladder
- prostatic gland
- pelvic LN
-
Zone 4 VD
- medial iliac LN
- ureters
- colon
- uterus
- urinary bladder
- prostatic gland
- pelvic LN
-
Zone 5 lateral
- small intestine
- mesenteric LN
- ureters
- uterus
- urinary bladder
- prostatic gland
-
peritoneal space
- see detail due to fat/soft tissue
- young have less fat
- emaciated have less fat
- mass will dec contrast
- fluid may lead to all soft tissue opacity and loss of serosal margin detail
|
|
