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Developmental toxicology
study of teratology or structural birth defects
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High incidence of cervical cancer in women exposed to
diethylstilbestrol
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Teratogenic substances
- thalidomide
- diethylstilbestol
- ethanol
- tobacco smoke
- cocaine
- valproic acid
- retinoids
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Human developmental toxicants
- radiation
- infections
- maternal trauma
- metabolic imbalance
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4 things that are needed when determining developmental toxicology
- critical periods of susceptibility
- endopoints of toxicity
- dose response patterns
- threshold concept
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Endocrine disruptor
exogenous agent that interferes with actions of naturla hormones
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4 modes of action of developmenta toxins involving endocrine systems
- by serving as steroidal ligands
- by modifying steroid hormone metabolism
- by changing hypothalamic/pituitary hormone release
- by uncharacterized proximate modes of action
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sources of endocrine disruptors
- air, water soil
- soybeans, legumes, flax, yams, clover
- plants
- household products
- pesticides
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% of birth defects due to RDS
4%
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% of birth defects due to maternal complications
5%
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% of birth defects due to SIDS
10%
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% of birth defects due to Prematurity/LBW
16%
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% of birth defects of unknown cause
46%
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Teratogenic drugs
- ace inhibitors
- ARBs
- isotretinoin
- vitamin A
- Lithium
- Male hormones
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