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Define: latent infection
symptoms are off and on
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Define: primary infection
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Define: secondary infection
- the 2nd infection
- (ear infection)
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Define: virulence
ability of something to make you sick
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Define: virulence factors
increased virulence of a microbe
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Define: adhesions
molecules thats attach to things
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Define: receptors
receives bacteria
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Define: pili
hairlike projections
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Define: obligate intracellular pathogens
must be in your cells in order to survive
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Define: facultative intracellular pathogens
can live in ot out of body
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Define: capsules
slime that cover certain bacteria
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Define: exoenzymes
mechanisms which bacteria cause disease
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Define: necrotizing enzymes
destroy tissue
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Define: coagulase
form blood clot
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Define: kinases
dissolves clots
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Define: hyaluronidase
breaks down hyaluronic acid
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Define: collagenase
allow bacteria into tissue
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Define: hemolysins
damage red blood cells
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Define: endotoxins
part of bacterial cell wall
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Define: exotoxins
cell makes them & then releases into bloodstream
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Define: neurotoxins
damage CNS
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Define: exfoliative toxin
produced by some strains of S. aureus
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Define: enterotoxins
cause GI disease
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Define: Immunology
study of immune system and immune responses
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Define: immunity
ability of body to defend itself
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Define: first line of defense
- non-specific
- physical barriers
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List & define the parts of the 1st line of defense:
- skin & mucous membranes - skin (protect & lining organs), mm (lining upper resp. tract & nose)
- cellular & chemical factors - stomach acid, saliva, tears
- microbial antagonism - indig. microflora prevent pathogens from building up & causing disease
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Compare non-specific & specific immune defenses:
- non-specific:physical & chemical defenses
- specific: antigens
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Define: the 2nd line of defense
Inflammation blocks off bacteria from the rest of the body
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List & define the parts of the 2nd line of defense:
inflammation blocks off bacteria from the rest of the body
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Define: phagocytosis
a cell eating something
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Define the function of: neutrophils
phagocytosis
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Define the function of: eosinophils
phagocytosis
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Define the function of: basophils
phagocytosis
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Define the function of: macrophages
phagocytosis
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Define the function of: wandering macrophages
phagocytosis
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Define the function of: fixed macrophages
phagocytosis
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List 2 ways microbes escape destruction by phagocytes:
- capsules
- leukocidin
- waxes of the cell wall
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Define: humoral immunity
production of antibodies
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Define: cell-mediated immunity
cells that go around to kill stuff
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Define: acquired immunity
get infected & then body mounts a response to it
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Define: active acquired immunity
production of memory of an infection
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Define: passive acquired immunity
IV of antibodies
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How does a vaccine provide immunity?
gives you 1st exposure to virus/bacteria & body reacts to it and remembers it & gets rid of it
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Define the function of: T lymphocytes
responsible for cell-mediated immunity
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Define the function of: helper T cells
regulate immune responses by enhancing response of other immune cells
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Define the function of: cytotoxic T cells
- destroy cells bearing w/ antigen
- (infected cells, cancer cells)
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Define the function of: memory T cells
remembers past infections
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Define the function of: B lymphocytes
makes antibodies & are the way body remembers a pathogen
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Define the function of: plasma cells
produce antibodies
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Define the function of: memory B cells
remembers past infections
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Define the function of: NK cells
kills your own cells if infected...infected cells, cancer cells
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What is the function of antibodies?
bind to antigens
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Define: hypersensitivity reaction
immune system overreacts to an atigen or is too sensitive
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Define: anaphylaxis
immediate, severe, sometimes fatal, systemi allergic reaction
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Define: dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
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Define: anaphylactic shock
severe & potentially life-threatening
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Define: autoimmune disease
body produces antibodies directed against its own tissues
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Define: immunosuppression
immune system is weakened & can't provide a full immune response
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Define: epidemiology
study of factors that determine frequency, distribution, & determinants of diseases in humans
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Define: communicable disease
disease that can be passed on from one person to another
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Define: contagious disease
disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another
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Define: incidence
# of new cases of a disease in a certain area over a specific time period
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Define: morbidity rate
# of new cases of disease that occured during a specific time period per specifically defined population
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Define: mortality rate
death rate
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Define: sporadic disease
disease that occurs only occasionally
-
Define: endemic disease
diseases that are always present within the population of a particular geographic area
-
Define: epidemic disease
- greater than usual # of cases of a disease in a particular region
- (short time period)
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Define: pandemic disease
disease that occurs in epidemic proportions in multiple countries at the same time, often worldwide
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What are the 6 components of the chain of infection?
- 1.must first be a pathogen
- 2. must be a source of the pathogen (a reservoir)
- 3. must be a portal of exit (way for pathogen to move to another host)
- 4. must be a mode for transmission
- 5. must be a portal of entry (way for pathogen to enter host)
- 6. must be a susceptible host
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Define: reservoir
sources of microbes that cause disease
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Define: living reservoir
humans, household pets, farm animals, wild animals, some insects, some arachnoids
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Define: carrier
a person who has a pathogen but pathgen isn't causing disease in the person
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Define: passive carrier
carry the pathogen w/o ever having had the disease
-
Define: incubatory carrier
capable of transmitting the pathogen during the incubation period of disease
-
Define: convalescent carrier
can transmit disease
-
Define: active carrier
completely recovered from the disease, but will always have the pathogen
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Define: zoonotic disease
infections acquired from animals
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Define: vector
insects are reservoirs for pathogens that transmit disease
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