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capital punishment issues
- Discrimination Argument--race of victim is a huge factor
- Deterrence argument
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inmate code
- "don't inform"
- "do your own time"
- "don't trust guards"
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methods of execution:
- lethal injection
- electrocution
- lethal gas
- firing squad
- hanging
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case that sanctioned the imposition of the death penalty on offenders who were at least 16 years of age at the time of the crime
Stanford vs. Kentucky (1989)
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looked at rehab processes to see what worked.
Except few examples, none of them worked.
"What works?" (Robert Martinson-1975)
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prisoner vocab
rats, merchants, gorillas- used to characterize them.
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black is 11x more likely to get death over white. Supreme Court agreed.
McKleskey vs. Kemp (1975)
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Deprivation Model
- (John Irwin) research in institutional
- corrections
- Deprivation of liberty- can’t do as you please
- Deprivation of goods/services- no going for snack, etc.
- Deprivation of heterosexual relations
- Deprivation of personal autonomy- told what to do
- Deprivation of security- w/ other inmates and guards
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requires full Due Process rights in revocation. Right to representation, with the decision.
Morrissey vs. Brewer (1972)
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offender paying victim cost of damages (not pain & suffering).
restitution
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wrote Principles of Criminology in 1939. Differential Association.
Edwin Sutherland
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decommissioned war ships used to house prisoners {unsanitary and most died}.
imprisonment using ships (England)
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Removal of the offender from public. (Not always incarceration)
incapacitation
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identifying people that will commit more crimes.
Selective Incapacitation
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name of English castle that started with incarceration for debt.
Bridewell
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Prison Riots
New Mexico (1980) & Attica (1971) – dealt with inmates rights’
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inmate subculture brought from outside. They bring expectations into the prison itself.
Importation Model
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Supreme Court ruled the death penalty is unconstitutional as it was being applied at the time {convicted of murder automatic death sentence}. (5-4 vote)
Furman vs. Georgia (1972)
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Security levels of prisons
minimum through super-max (federal)
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Reformatory movement (late 1800s)
- Designed for young offenders; teaching
- vocational training
- First was in Elmira, NY in 1876 (Brockway- 1st warden)
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impact that snetence has on general public (death penalty)
general deterrence
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sentence that deters offender from future wrongs
special (specific) deterrence
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separation of powers; courts won’ hear cases involving prisons.
"Hands Off" doctrine
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eye for an eye
a penalty proportionate to the harm caused (Hammurabi- 1750 BC)
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Private sector sees profit, thus more streamline process
CCA, Wackenhut
private prisons
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flat sentence but may receive good time.
(7 years instead of 1-20)
determinate sentence
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flat sentence but may receive good time.
determinate sentence
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fixed minimum but can be no maximum (7 to life)
length of sentence is decided by parole board
(rehabilitation)
indeterminate sentence
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fixed minimum but can be no maximum (7 to life)
length of sentence is decided by parole board
(rehabilitation)
indeterminate sentence
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Pre-sentence investigation
- examine employment history, criminal record, community ties
- helps to determine sentence, aids with rehabilitative efforts
- helps with classification, gives info to parole board
- PSI has major impact of final sentence
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penalty based on gravity of offense
Just Deserts
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run locally for inmates of more than 2 days, but less that 1 year or pre-trial detainees
jail
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houses prisoners for a year or more
prison
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is a scheduled extended visit during which an inmate of a prison is permitted to spend several hours or days in private, usually with a legal spouse.
conjugal visits
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intervention aimed at reducing inmates future criminality
rehabilitation
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challenged freedom of religion
Cooper vs. Pate (1964)
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NYT 1991: US gets this - highest incarceration rate in the world
"Iron Medal"
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unpaid leaave with workers, not in prisons
allows for short-term releases, but based upon trust they will come back
Willie Horton
furloughs
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"The Rock" closed in 1963 after 29 years of use
Alcatraz
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it is re-offending, re-arrest, re-conviction, or re-incarceration
recidivism
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