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Bone Structure
- 20% water
- 2/3 of remainder made up of minerals
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
- Last 1/3 made of collagen
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Spongy Bone
Filled with red marrow
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Bone Shaft
Filled with yellow marrow
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Diaphysis
Shaft of long bone
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Number of Bones
- At birth = 270
- Adult = 206
- 64 bones fused together
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Function of Bones
- Support body
- Protect vital organs
- Point of attachment for muscles
- Give shape to body
- Form blood cells
- Stores calcium
- Sound Conduction (sinuses are resonance chambers), Ossicles for ear
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Describe Spinal Column
- Stack of vertebrae that supports head
- Keeps trunk erect
- Provides protection for spinal cord
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Spinal Column
Vertebral Column
- Cervical Vertebrae 1-7
- Thoracic Vertebrae 1-12
- Lumbar Vertebrae 1-5
- Sacrum 1
- Coccyx 1
- Total = 26
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Cervical Vertebrae
- Bones of the neck
- C1-C7
- C-1 = Atlas carries weight of head
- C-2 = Axis allows twist
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Lumbar Vertebrae
- Bones of lower back
- Waist
- L4-L5 CSF most abbundant
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Coccyx
- Fused as 1 bone
- Tail bone
- End of Sacrum
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Skull (2 Sections)
- Cranium (holds the Brain)
- Facial Bone
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Cranium
- 4 Major bones (flat)
- Frontal Bone (1) Anterior
- Parietal Bones (2) Superior
- Occipital Bone (1) Posterior
- Temporal Bones (2) Lateral
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Facial Bones
- Maxilla (1) Upper Jaw
- Mandible (1) Lower Jaw - only moveable bone in face
- Zygomatic (2) Cheek bone
- Nasal Bone (2)
- Lacrimal Bones (2)
- Vomer (1)
- Palatine (2)
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Rib Cage
- 12 Pairs Ribs
- 24 Total Ribs
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True Ribs
1st 7 Pairs of ribs
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False Ribs
- Last 5 Pairs of ribs
- Includes last 2 Pairs wich are floating ribs
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Sternum (breast bone)
3 Sections
- Top = Manubrium
- Middle = Body of Sternum
- Bottom = Xiphoid Process
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Where Ribs Meet Sternum
- Clavicularsternal Notch
- Superior to Manubrium
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Shoulder Bones
Shoulder Girdle
- Scapula (shoulder blade) posterior to ribs
- Clavicle (collar bone)
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Arm Bones
- Humerus (upper arm)
- Ulna & Radius (forearm)
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Hand Bones
- Carpals (wrist bones) 8 per wrist
- Metacarpals (hand bones) 5 each hand
- Written as Roman Numerals
- Phalanges (fingers) 56 total
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Leg Bones
- Femur - thigh bone (longest in body)
- Patella - kneecap (sesamoid bone)
- Tibia - shin bone (weight bearing)
- Fibula - (ballance bone)
- Tibia & Fibula make up "Leg Bone"
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Feet Bones
- Tarsals (ankle bones) 7 each foot
- Metatarsals (foot bones) 5 each foot
- Phalanges (toes) 56 total
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Hip Bones
- Ilium (iliac crest is top)
- Ischium (sits bones)
- Pubis (lower front)
- (symphysis pubis) joins 2 halves of pelvis together
- Acetabulum (hip socket)
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Foramen Magnum
- Large hole / canal for spinal column
- From skull to sacrum
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Iliac Crest & Sacrum
Form
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Articulation
- Where two bones join together
- Commonly known as a Joint
- Held together by Ligaments
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Types of Joints (3)
- Diathrosis - both ends fully moveable (elbow)
- Amphiarthrosis - small movement (vertebrae)
- Synarthrosis - no movement (cranium)
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Diarthrosis
3 Types
- Ball and Socket Joint (shoulders and hips)
- Hinge Joint (elbows and knees)
- Pivot Joint (wrist and ankles)
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Fractures
- Greenstick - not complete break (children)
- Simple - complete break but no skin
- Compound / Open - bone through skin
- Spiral - twisting force (abuse)
- Impacted - broken ends jammed into each other
- Comminuted - more than 1 fracture line and fragments
- Depressed - piece of skull pushed inward
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Fracture
Bone Healing
- Fibrous bridge around break
- Called a callus
- Then cartilage is formed
- Cartilage will turn to bone
- Excess cartilage reabsorbed into body
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Fossa
- Depression on a bone
- Something fits inside
- AKA = Notch
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Sinus
- Hollow cavity
- Space in bone
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Foramen
- Round opening
- Blood vessels / nerves pass through
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Condyle
- Knuckle-like round projection at end of bone
- Usually articulates with other bone
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Epicondyle
- Projections over condyles
- Usually for muscle attachment
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Head
- Rounded ends of bone
- Fits in fossa
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Tubercle
- Small bump projection
- For muscle attachment
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Trochanter
- Large tubercle
- Found only on femur
- Greater and lesser Trochanter
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Tuberosity
- Rough patch
- Where tendons attach
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Process
- Sharp, slender, winged or pointed projection off bone
- Spine
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Epiphysis
- End of long bones
- (includes finger / toe bones)
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Periosteum
- Tough fibrous membrane
- Covers surface of bone
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Osteoclast
Breakdown Bone
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Osteocystes
Maintain Bone
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Hemoporetic
Blood forming tissue
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Axial Skeleton
- Consist of
- Skull
- Vertebral Column
- Thorax
- 80 Bones (flat & irregular)
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Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of upper and lower extremities
- 64 bones upper
- 62 bones lower
- 126 bones total
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Head - Skull - Cranium
8 Total
- Frontal - 1 (coronal suture separates frontal from parietal)
- Parietal - 2 (sagittal separates parietals from each other)
- Temporal - 2 (squamous separates temporals from parietals)
- Occipital - 1 (lamboid separates occipital from parietals)
- Sphenoid - 1 (irregular bone) - forms base of skull
- Ethmoid - 1 (irregular bone) - sits anterior to sphenoid
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Facial Bones
14 Total
- Nasal - 2
- Lacrimal - 2
- Vomer - 1
- Zygomatics - 2
- Palatine - 2 (along with maxilla forms hard palate)
- Maxilla - 1
- Mandible - 1 (only moveable bone of face)
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Kyphosis
- Bowing of the back
- Usually the Thoracic level
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Scoliosis
- Lateral spinal curvature
- Usually thoracic
- Resulting from spinal column rotation
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Lordosis
- Abnormal
- Anterior convex curvature of Lumbar
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Sprain
- Tear of ligaments of joint
- Results in pain, swelling, and local bleeding
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Long Bone Construction
- Shaped like hollow cylinders to be strong with least amount of weight
- Have 3 distinct regions
- Diaphysis = shaft
- Epiphysis = ends
- Metaphysis = transitional segment
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Arthroscopy
A surgical procedure to view inside a joint
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Causes symptoms in thumb, index and middle finger
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Sublaxation
The incomplete dislocation of a joint
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Appendicular System
Upper Extremity
- Shoulder / Pec Girdle
- Arm
- Forearm
- Wrist
- Hand
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Appendicular System
Clavicle and Scapula
- Clavicle forms 2 Joints:
- Sternal extremity forms Sternoclavicular Joint (SC Joint) with Sternum
- and
- Acromial extremity forms:
- Acromioclavicular Joint (AC Joint) with Acromion of Scapula
- Scapula articulates with Clavicle and Humerus
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Appendicular System
Ulna and Radius
- Long Bones
- Forms the Antebrachium
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Appendicular System
Carpals
- Short Bones
- 8 per wrist (16 total)
- Proximal Row: Articulates with forearm
- Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
- Distal Row: Articulates with Metacarpals (hand)
- Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
- Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
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Appendicular System
Metacarpals (Palm)
- 5 per hand (10 total)
- Uses Roman Numerals
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Appendicular System
Phalanges (Fingers and Toes)
- 14 per hand (28 total)
- 14 per foot (28 total)
- 56 Total
- Singular = Phalanx
- Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP)
- Middle Interphalangeal (MIP)
- Distal Interphalangeal (DIP)
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Appendicular System
Hand Joints
- Where wrist meets hand: Carpometacarpal Joints (CM Joints) carpals articulate with metacarpals
- Where metacarpals articulate with phalanges: Metacarpophalangeal Joints (MP Joints) 1st row knuckles
- Joints between phalanges: Interphalangeal Joints (IP Joints)
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Lower Extremity
Pelvic Girdle
- 2 Pelvic bones articulate with Sacrum
- AKA:
- Innominate
- Coxal
- Os Coxae
- Pelvis
- Hip
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Lower Extremity
Pelvic Girdle
3 Divisions
- Ilium - Superior Lateral
- Ischium - Inferior Posterior
- Pubis - Inferior Anterior
- Ilium+Ischium = Acetabulum
- Ischium+Pubis = Obturator Foramen
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Joints
(3 types articulation)
- Synarthrotic - Fibrous - No ROM - Sutures
- Amphiarthrotic - Cartilage - Slight ROM - Vertebral
- Diarthrotic - Synovial - Full ROM - Knee, shoulder
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6 Types of Joints
- Ball and Socket - (shoulder / hip) most moveable
- Hinge - movement 2 directions (flexion , extension)
- Pivot - 1 bone turning on another (C1-C2) Atlantoaxial Joint
- Gliding - flat surface that articulate (vertebrae) least moveable
- Saddle - convex surface in partial concave (thumb)
- Condyloid / Ellipsoidal - condyle fits into elliptical socket (jaw, mp joint)
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Structure
Diarthrotic Joint
- Joint Capsule: fibrous connective tissue surrounds articulating surface
- Synovial Membrane: produces & secretes synovial fluid
- Articular Surface: ends of bone that articulate (covered with cartilage)
- Joint Cavity: space between articulating bones
- Menisci: fibrous disc, serves as shock absorber
- Bursa Sacs: synovial fluid filled sacs (tendons)
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