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Sagittal Plane
A plane that divides the body into left and right portions
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Sagittal Axis
A horizontal line extending from front to back, about which movements of abduction and adduction take place
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Medial
Toward the mid-line
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Rostal
Anterior part of the brain
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Ventral
A synonym for anterior usually applied to the torso
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Caudal
Downward, away from the head (toward the tail)
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Bilateral
Pertaining to two sides
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Lateral
Away from the mid-line
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Unilateral
Pertaining to one side
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Depression
Shoulders Down
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Plantar Flexion
Toes Down
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Inverted
Turned Inward (foot @ ankle joint)
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Evert
Turned Outward (foot @ ankle joint)
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Dorsal
Toward the Rear; relating to the back; Posterior
Also back of the hand and top of the foot
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Antecubital
Anterior side of the elbow
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Proximal
Nearer to the center or mid-line of the body, or to the thorax
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Distal
Farther from the center or median line or from the thorax
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Plantar
Sole side of the foot
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Cranial
Upward, toward the head
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Inferior
Away from the head
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Anterior
Toward the front or Ventral surface
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Posterior
Towards the back or Dorsal surface
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Adduction
Toward the mid-line
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Abduction
Away from the mid-line
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Flexion
Bending or Angulation making angle of joint smaller
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Extention
Making angle of joint longer
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Prone
Forearm and hand turned palm side down; body lying face down
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Supine
Forearm and hand turned palm side up; body lying face up
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Coronal
A vertical plane perpendicular to the sagittal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions, also called the frontal plane
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Anatomical Position
Erect posture with face forward, arms @ sides, forearms supinated, fingers and thumbs in extention
"Thumbs Up"
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Lordosis
An abnormality increased concavity in the curvature of the lumbar spine as viewed from the side
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Kyphosis
A condition characterized by an abnormality; increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side
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Prime Mover
A muscle that carries out an action
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Synergist
A muscle that supports the prime mover
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Antagonist
A muscle that performs the opposite action of the prime mover and synergist muscles
A muscle that works in opposition to another muscle; opponent
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Coronal Axis
A horizontal line extending from side to side, around which the movements of flexion and extension take place
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At what vertebral level does the thyroid cartilage lie?
C4-C5
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Where is the apex of the lung located?
above the 1st rib
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Where does the brachiocephalic veins unite to for the SVC?
At the level of the inferior border of the 1st right costal cartilage
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Where does the superior vena cava terminate inferiorly?
At the level of the 3rd right costal cartilage
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Where are the kidneys located?
T12-L3
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At what vertebral level does the illiac crest lie?
L4
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Where does the superior vena cava enter the right atrium?
opposite the 3rd right costal cartilage
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Where is the cricoid cartilage located?
- At the level of C6
- Esophagus and Trachea start here as well
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Where does the brachiocephalic trunk (artery) branch off?
only at the right
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Where is the sternal angle (Angle of Louis) located?
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Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
At the level of L4 into the common illiac arteries (inferior vena cava) which bifurcate at the level of L5
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Where is the start of the trachea?
Where does id bifurcate?
- Starts at the level of C6
- Bifurcates at the level of sternal angle (2nd rib, T4, Tranthoracic Plane)
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The hepatic portal vein, a short, wide vein is formed by which two veins posterior to the neck and pancreas?
- Superior Messenteric Vein
- Splenic Vein
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Where is the Hyoid Bone located?
At the level of C3
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The superficial temporal artery is the smaller terminal branch of which artery?
External cartoid artery
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Where does the apex of the heart lie posteriorly?
Left 5th intercostal space
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Where are the gluteal dimples located?
just superior to PSIS
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Where is the hepatic portal vein located?
- Close to the level of L1 vertebra
- Anterior to inferior vena cava and posterior to neck of pancreas where superior messenteric and splenic vein meet
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Where are the renal arteries located?
At the level of L1-L2 IVD
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What are the 4 lines (planes) that divide the 9 regions of the torso?
What are the location of these lines?
- 2 midclavicular lines, midpoint of clavicle and midpoint of inguinal ligament
- Transpyloric Plane, lies on L1 vertebrae level or 9th costal cartilage
- Intertubercular plane, L5 vertebral level
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Name the 9 regions of the torso divide by the 4 line (planes)
- Hypochondriac Epigastric Hypochondriac
- Flank Umbilical Flank
- Inguinal Hypogastric Inguinal
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Level of the PSIS
2nd sacral foramen
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Indentify all cranial nerves, Motor? Sensory? Both?
- OOOTTAFAGVAH
- 1. Olfactory (S - nose)
- 2. Optic (S - eye)
- 3. Oculomotor (M - eye)
- 4. Trochlear (M - eye)
- 5. Trigeminal (B - face)
- 6. Aducens (M - eye)
- 7. Facial (B - face)
- 8. Autidor / Vestibular (S - ear)
- 9. Glossopharyngeal (B - tongue)
- 10. Vagus (B - organs)
- 11. Accesory Nerve (Spinal) (M - neck / SCM)
- 12. Hypoglossal (M - tongue)
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What are the only arteries in the whole body deficient in oxygen?
Pulmonary arteries
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What are the only veins in the whole body with rich oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary veins
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External carotid branches to where?
- Superficial arteries of the face
- Superficial temporal arteries
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Where is teh sacral plexus (nerves) located?
L4-Coccyx 1 nerve
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Where is the lumbar plexus (nerves) located?
T12-L4 nerve
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Where is the cervical plexus (nerves) located?
anterior rami of C1-C4 nerves
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Where the sound of the mitral valve closure is loudest
Apex Beat
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What provides innervation for most of the upper limbs?
- brachial plexus (C5-T1 nerves)
- passes between 1st rib, clavicle and superior border of scapula to enter axilla
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What artery supplies the psoas major and quadratus lumborum muscles?
Illiolumbar artery
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The vertebral artery runs through foramen transversarium from which vertebrae?
C1-C6
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Structures passing from or to the thorax to or from the abdomen pass through openings that traverse the diaphragm
- esophagus
- inferior vena cava
- aorta
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The 3rd part of the subclavian artery passes through where, superiorly?
- Greater supraclavicular fossa
- Omoclavicular triangle
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Where is the tricuspid orifce located?
- 4th and 5th intercostal space
- Between right atrium and right ventricle
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Where is the mitral valve located?
Between left artrium and left ventricle at the level of the 4th intercostal space
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What vein leaves the anterior cervical region by passing deep to SCM and inferiorly between the SCM's two heads?
Internal Jugular Vein
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Border os the Superior Thoracic Apeture (throacic inlet)
- 1. Posteriorly, T1 vertebra
- 2. Laterally, 1st pair of ribs and costal cartilages
- 3. Anteriorly, superior border of the manubrium
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Borders of the inferior throacic apeture (thoracic outlet)
- 1. Posteriorly, T12 vertebra
- 2. Posteriolaterally, 11th and 12th ribs (floating)
- 3. Anteriolaterally, ribvs 7-10 (joined ribs)
- 4. Anteriorly, xiphisternal joint, T9 (xiphoid / sternum)
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Internal carotid goes where?
Brain, forming anterior and medial cerebral artery
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The phrenic nerve (C3-C5 nerves) are the sole motor supply to what?
diaphragm
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What is the order of th major structures in the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior?
- 1. Thymus
- 2. Veins
- 3. Arteries
- 4. Airways
- 5. Alimentary tract (digestive tract)
- 6. Lymphatic trunks
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Where is the superior mediastinum located?
Superior to transverse thoracic plane, pass through the sternal angle (at T4 and T5)
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