Patho Quiz 1

Cause is unknown

• Cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment
• - Ex) Hysterectomy: Mistake Dr. Ligates ureter

Development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestation of disease

Subjective feeling of abnormality in the body

Objective or observed manifestation of disease

Subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an acute illness

Also called fight-or-flight because it provides a surge of energy and physical alterations to either run from or confront danger. To mobilize fight-or-flight, body releases CRH, ACTH, Glucocorticoids,

Regulate metabolism of glucose, synthesis in the adrenal cortex

Consists of Norepinephrine and Epinephrine that are secreted through Simpatico-Adrenal system response and mediates the fight-or-flight response

Are Cortisol and aldosterone that play an important role to maintain homeostasis. They MAY synergies or antagonize effect of catecholamine.

A part of the brain system that is responsible for vital functions, such as respiration and blood circulation

Leads to two daughter cells with the same DNA and Chromosome contect as the mother cell. Most cells undergo Mitosis

Leads to four gametocytes, each contains one-half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Meiosis occurs only in reproductive cells.

Is a reduction in the size of a cell or organ that may occur when cell undergoes reduced workload or disuse, insufficient blood flow, malnutrition, or reduced hormonal and nerve stimulation

Increase in cell size or organ due to increase in workload or hormonal stimulation

Is due to disease, for example, cardiac muscle hypertrophy is due to cardiac muscle pumping against increase resistance in patient with hypertension

• Increase the number of normal cells
• - Increase function Capacity

- Example of Mainstem bronchus epithelum develops squamous metplasia in response to irritants in cigarette smoke

DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE

Replacement of one fully differentiated cell type by another.

• Dysplasia
• Disordered cell growth

When mutated they cause uncontrolled cell death

genital warts

When mutated they cause uncontrolled cell death

stimulate B-Cells to mature into plasm cells. Plasma cells synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin

Reduce the humoral response

It appears in all body fluids and is the major antibody against chronic bacterial and viral infection crosses the placenta

Is the first immunoglobulin produced during an immune response usually present in the vascular system

Prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes and it is found in body secretions

Unclear function and it is found on the surface of C-cells and in the serum

binds to mast cells and basophilic, mediating immediate hypersensitivity reactions or allergic reactions. IGE stimulates the release of mast cell granules which contain histamine and heparin

Activated by IGG or IGM in the classic pathway and activated by molecules on the surface of microbes (especially endotoxin) in the alternative pathway

AIDS

AIDS, but HIV-1 is found worldwide, whereas HIV-2 is found primarily in West Africa

Helper T Lymphocytes (CD4)

mononuclear cells and appears to be passed readily during anal sex

infects female genital tract cells and appears to be passed readily during vaginal sex

for the entry of HIV into CD4-positive cells

p24 is located in the core and is not known to vary

infection with HIV

there is no evidence that they play a role in infection

to detect blood that contains HIV

usually begins 2-4 weeks after infection, a mononucleosis-like picture of fever, lethargy, sore throat, and generalized lymphadenopathy occurs.

persistent fevers, fatigue, weight loss, and lymphadenopathy.

manifested by a decline in the number of CD4 cells to below 400/uL and an increase in the frequency and severity of opportunistic infections

ELISA.

is used to make the definitive diagnosis of HIV

Antibodies to double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA)- very specific, poor prognosis

Procainamide, quinidine, hydrazine, isoniazied, methyldopa, and chlorpromazine

rheumatoid factors (anti-IgG antibody)

morning stiffness lasting more than 30 minutes and improving with use, symmetric joint involvement, systemic symptoms (fever, fatigue, pleuritis, pericarditis)

Serum calcium level is more than 10.2 mg/dL

malignancy; primary hyperparathyroidism

• Consists of cytotoxic CD8-Positive lymphocytes
• - These cells respond to the intial infection and control it for many years

Serum Sodium Level is more than 145 mEq/L

Serum Sodium Level is less than 136 mEq/L

Serum Potassium is more than 5.0 mEq/L

• -Peaked T Waves
• -Widening of the QRS complex
• -Flattening of the P wave

Serum potassium is less than 3.6 mEq/L

Pneumocystis Pneumonia and Kaposi's Sarcoma

• serum calcium level is less than 8.5 mg/dL causes: hypoparathyroidism, pseudoparathyroidism
• Normal serum pH: 7.36-7.44
• Normal serum [HCO3-]: 24 mEq/L
• Normal serum PCO2: 40 mm Hg

pH is less than 7.35 and PCO2 is greater than 45 mm Hg

pH is greater than 7.45 and PCO2 is less than 35 mmHg

pH is less than 7.35 and HCO3 is less than 22 mEq/L; hyperkalemia

slow, shallow respirations