World Religions Final.txt

• Indo-Europeans
• Family of languages
• Migration from central asia
• Composition of poems and religious manuals

• Shruti(�heard�)
• Smrti(�remembered�)
• Rig Veda
• Samhitas
• Brahmanas
• Aranyakas
• Upanishads

• Vishnu- Preserver god, protector of life
• Shiva- avenging god and destroying god
• Kali- the dark mother

• Sitting near devotedly-a guru
• Philosophical Hinduism

• Brahman(absolute)
• Atman(self)

• Moral law of cause and effect
• Determines rebirth

All life in cycles of birth, death, and rebirth

Ancient Sanskrit epic

• Ancient law books
• Law of aryans

• Dharmasatras(laws)
• Brahmin(priest)
• Kshatriya(warrior)
• Vaisya(merchant)
• Shudra(servant)
• Laws of Manu

• Student
• Househoulder
• Ascetic(sadhu)
• Homeless wanderer(sannyasin)

Song of god

The way of devotion

Offering to a god or vip

Non-violence

• Most recent jina/trithankara
• Five auspicious events
• Conception
• Birth
• Renunciation
• Enlightenment
• Final release

Teachers of jainism who have attained kevalajinana(infinite knowledge)

• Scripture
• Community (four tirthas)
• Monks
• Nuns
• Laymen
• Laywomen
• Clothing
• Caste

• Non-violence
• Truthfulness
• Non-stealing
• Sexual purity
• Non-possession

Jains repentance of sins

• Buddha
• Dharma (teaching)
• Sangha (community)

• Unconditioned reality
• Final release upon death
• Will not be reborn

• All life entails suffering(duhkha)
• The cause of suffering is desire/thirst(trishna)
• Removing desire, removes suffering
• The way to remove desire is to follow the eightfold path

• Right view
• Right intentions
• Right speech
• Right action-not killing
• Right livelihood-not being involved
• Right effort-clear mind
• Right concentration-
• Right mindfulness

• The three baskets of sacred texts-written in pali
• 1-sutra(discourse-sermens)
• 2-vinaya(monastic discipline)
• 3-abhidharma(additional teachings)

The right way

• The way of the elders
• Oldest living form of Buddhism
• Four noble truths
• SE Asia
• Monasticism

Spiritual practitioner

• �greater vehicle�
• East Asia
• Bodhisattvas

Enlightened existence

• Amida, the Buddha of infinite light
• Pure land
• Faith in amida
• Namu Amida Batsu

• Originated in China
• Emphasis on meditation and experiential wisdom
• satori

• Spread in Tibet in 8th century CE
• Merged with Tibetan Folk and magic traditions
• Mandalas

Chinese ethical and philosophical system

• Analects is about him
• Tian
• Relationship to social order

Heaven

• Ruler/minister
• Father/son
• Husband/wife
• Elder/younger
• Friend/friend

The written words and acts of Confucius

• Origins contemporary with Confucius
• Critique of Confucianism
• Harmony with the Dao
• Philosophical vs Religious

• Laozi
• 350 BC
• Poetic
• Cryptic

• founder of Daoism
• mystic pholosopher of ancient China

• The true dao cannot be defined
• Prior to the universe
• Source of creation
• Pervades reality
• Impersonal force not diety
• Mysterious
• Model for behavior
• Source of yin and yang

Non-action

Mysterical Dao

• Early History
• Mystical experiences
• A movement forms

• Formless
• Resisdes in the human heart
• Devotion to Onkar expressed inwardly

• First book
• Devotional poems
• Principal sacred texts
• Dasam Granth and other writings

• Pure ones- elite group
• Egalitarian group
• Five K�s
• Uncut hair
• Wearing of a comb
• Steel dagger or sword
• Steel ring
• shorts

• God
• Teacher
• Scripture
• Community

• Gateway to Guru
• Place of worship for the Sikhs

Law/instruction

Attempted to suppress a jewish revolt and jewish traditions

House of prayer

• Teacher of torad
• scholar not a priest

Oral torah consisting of six orders

• Contains the mishnah and gemara.
• Central text of Judaism.

• A way of interpreting biblical stories.
• �to study�

• Preservation of jewish tradition
• Attempt to maintain obligations of torah

Jewish traditions should be modernized and should be compatible with participation in the surrounding culture

• Hebrew Union College banquet
• Ordination of four rabbis(first class)
• Ordination ceremony an example of unity and goodwill
• Banquet afterwards
• Clams, crab, shrimp, frog legs

• Judiasm the highest conception of the god idea
• Modern scientific research not antagonistic to Judaism
• Ceremonies should elevate and sanctify lives
• Progressice religion

• Mediating position between orthodox and reform
• Develops primarily in the united states
• Split from orthodox
• Conserving tradition with historical precedent
• Older traditions kept
• More recent additions abandoned

• Negation of supernaturalism
• God as process/power
• Negation of jewish chosenness
• Ideas and beliefs that contradict modern belief should be eliminated

• The jews are �our misfortune�
• The rise of hitler
• Christian anit-Semitism
• The death camps

• Richard Rubenstein
• Emil fackenheim
• Elie wiesel
• Irving Greenberg

• Torah
• Prophets
• writings

Day of rest and worship.

• Day of atonement
• 25hr period of fasting and prayer

• 8 days commemorating the 2nd temple
• Passover
• Story of exodus

3bc-30ce

Ritual washing

• Communion
• Cracker and wine

author of 13 of the 27 books

is a set of diverse, religious movements united in the teaching that the world was created by an imperfect god, Yaldabaoth sometimes referred to as the demiurge.

is a list of books considered to be authoritative as scripture by a particular religious community.

Under his rule, Christianity rose to become the dominant religion in the Roman Empire

New testament compiled

is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, from Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Catholicism. More broadly the term is used in a wide number of contexts for an image, picture, or representation

• Ecclesiastical(Christian church) court
• Control of heretics(people with unconventional beliefs) for their own good.
• Conversion of jews and muslims
• Spanish inquisition

• The council of trent(1545)-1563)
• Two sources
• Internal
• Response to Protestantism
• Solidified dogmas(religious belief)

• Baptism
• Marriage
• Conformation
• Confession or reconciliation
• Orders
• Eucharist
• Last rites(�extreme unction(anointing with oil))

• Liturgy- style of worsihp
• Identity of the church
• Relationship of the church to the world
• Relationship with other religions
• Role of men as priests
• Role of women as nuns

• Reforming the catholic church
• Scripture alone as a source of guidance
• Changes in political structures
• Emphasis on transcendent authority of god
• Emphasis on sole authority of Christ to save sinners
• Adherence to biblical teaching alone
• Belief in the transformation of human society

• Disappointed with catholic teaching justification by faith
• Begain an intellectual shift toward the self as the locus for thought

• 1509-1564
• Looked up to luther commited to humanist project
• Read bible like a legal document concerned with the creation of a holy commonwealth

• led to the separation of the Church of England from papal(pope) authority,
• the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and
• establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

• inerrancy of scripture
• Virgin birth of christ
• Substitutionary atonement(making reparations for sins made)
• Bodily resurrection
• Miracles
• No dominant leader

is regarded as the founder of the religion of Islam, and is considered by Muslims to be a messenger and prophet of God the last law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets, and, by most Muslims, the last prophet of Islam as taught by the Qur'an

Pilgrimage site

Black box structure with images of over 360 deities

Muhammad escape to medina

city

The �eternal and final� word of God

refers to the first system of government established in Islam, and represented the political unity of the Muslim Ummah

• The people of the Sunnah
• The decision of the ummah
• Caliph a political leader

• Shi�ite- �the followers of Ali�
• Imami- �twelve�
• Isma�ili- �sevener�
• Occultations and eschatology

• Mystical approach to islam
• Tasswwuf- from the word for wool
• Asceticism and devotionalism
• Shaykh- spiritual leader
• Dhikr- rememberance(names, songs, dance)
• The friends of god and devotion at their shrines

• The shahadah-bearing witness
• Salat- prayer
• Zakat- almsgiving
• Ramadan - fasting
• The Hajj- pilgrimage

• �law of god�
• Five categories
• Halal-lawful and obligatory
• Mustahabb-recommended
• Mubah- neither necessary or un
• Makruh- reprehensible
• Haram- forbidden

• quranic sayings of the prophet
• 6 canonical collections
• Considered only second to the Qur�an in authority

Place of worship

Religious duty of muslims

• Return to the fundamentals
• Innovation and heresy(an opinion or belief that contradicts established religious teaching)
• Rejection of modern culture
• Embrace of modern technology
• Dualistic
• Feeling of being dispossessed

• Religious political movement
• Gov�t of Saudi arabi

• Relationship between the shah and the west
• Khomeini exiled
• Student-led revolt
• Islamic republic

• W.D. Fard
• Elijah Muhammad
• Malcolm X

• Born Malcolm little
• One of Elijah muhammed�s followers
• Best known advocate of nation of islam in 50s and 60s

Study of the origin and evolution of the universe

an impersonal force or quality that resides in people, animals, and (debatably) inanimate objects.

Medicine man

• West Africa
• Mostly southwest Nigeria

• Ruler of the heavens
• Father of the gods

They rule over the forces of nature and the endeavors of humanity.

• Ara
• Emi
• Ori

• Reincarnation
• Appearance before Olodumare
• Choosing one�s faith
• Forgetfulness

• Others have to guess your dreams
• Important to everyone

• Matrilineal societies
• Connection between women, food, and soil
• Corn, beans, and squash
• Sustainers of life
• together, eaten together, and celebrated together

• Native American tribe
• Dwellers of the prairie
• 7 Sioux tribes

• Rooted in local geography
• Tracking dreams

Belief in which humans are said to have kinship or mystical relationship with a spirit-being, such as an animal or plant

• Xhosa
• South-east African tribe
• Prophetess
• Visions that resulted in the cattle-killing crisis of 1856
• Promised resurrection of the dead
• Almost killed the people

• Religious movement
• Reaction to government submission
• Destruction of whites(wasichus)

• Religious leader
• Founded ghost dance movement
• �cutter�
• Paiute mystic

• Wounded Knee Creek
• US(James W Forsyth)vs. Sioux(Spotted Elk)
• 300 indians killed

• American writers who were rebelling against what America
• had become

• Once a year, during summer solstice
• 4 to 8 days
• No true end to life
• Death and rebirth
• Sacred pole
• Hung up until flesh rips

• Born 1805 in Vermont
• Moved to upstate new york

• None of the churches are right
• Restore to the church through Joseph

• Angel visits joseph when he is 18
• Golden plates that will help restore the true church
• 1827 he retrieves plates
• Urim and thummim
• Written in Egyptian

Translates version of the golden plates

• Believe in only one god
• Mormons
• Believe that god was once a man
• Believe in many gods

an early president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

• Religious military unit
• Served during the Mexican-American war

• Mormon Attacks on the baker-Fancher emigrant wagon train
• Southern Utah
• 120 emigrant deaths

Baptism of a living person for someone who died without being baptized

Eternal marriage

• Celestial Kingdom
• Terrestrial Kingdom
• Telestial Kingdom

• Polygamy
• Men have multiple wives

belief in the validity of selected fundamental aspects of Mormonism as taught and practiced in the nineteenth century, particularly during the administration of Brigham Young.

• one of the twelve apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-
• day Saints

• Mormon missionary in France
• Mormon Governor of Massachusetts in 2002
• Ran for president

Belief of an apocalypse

• Presbyterian childhood
• Interest in biblical prophecy
• Bible students
• Prolific writer
• Doctrines
• Advent of Christ and the millennium
• The 144,00
• Elect class(little flock)
• Great company
• Restored Israel

• New world society
• Golden age (awake)
• Publishers
• Kingdom halls
• Churches
• The �invisible� coming of jesus in 1914

• Objectors of war
• Refusal of Saluting the flag
• Court cases over doctrinal issues
• Nazi Germany
• Beliefs
• No blood transfusions
• Torture stake |
• Rejection of trinity(father, son and holy spirit)

• Evangelism
• Communion is referred to as the lord�s evening meal-only on passover
• Kingdom Halls

• Freud�s theories
• Studied eastern religions
• Studied math, engineering, and nuclear physics
• Adventure fiction writer
• Becomes part of navy reserve during WWII
• Injured, but recovers(ulcers)
• Continues science fiction
• Developes a theory of mind called dianetics

• Gets rid of the unwanted sensations, unpleasant emotions and psychosomatic ills that block one�s life and happiness
• It is the route to happy, health, high IQ people
• Full human potential
• Two components to the mind
• Analytical
• Thinks, observes, remembers
• Reactive
• Operates in moments of intense pain
• Unconsciousness
• Recording called engram
• Create unknowing and unwarranted fears
• Hold people back
• Goal
• To become clear of engrams
• Occurs through a process called auditing

• Conducted by an auditor
• Person seeking auditing is called preclear
• Preclear asked a series of questions by auditor
• Processes of questions depending on preclear�s situation

• Measures preclear�s mental state
• Used to audit

• Someone free of engrams
• Being clear brings happiness, fulfillment
• The reactive mind is gone

• 1954
• Study of truth or knowledge about knowledge
• Pragmatic approach
• View of humanity
• Drugs and chemicals are poisons
• Lead to susceptibility to other diseases
• Decrease mental awareness and alertness
• Biochemical are barrier to spiritual freedom

• Spirit, or thetan:The Individual
• Mind: Communication and control between thetan and environment
• Body: Body is not the person

Bridge of total freedom

• One who can handle things without having to use a body of physical mean
• Not controlled by MEST(matter, energy, space, time), but controlling them
• Rising to eternity, engaging one�s immortality
• Different levels
• Information is secret

• Interdependence of cultures
• Technology
• Economics
• Media

• Martin Luther
• Mohandas Ganhi
• Osama bin Laden

• Diaspora
• Transitional religions
• Religious pluralism
• Toleration

• Collapse of metanarratives
• Loss of center
• Pluralism and relativism
• Open-minded

• Violence towards other religions
• Hybridism: Transformation of religion
• Unconscious borrowing of ideas
• Mutual transformation
• Secularization