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benefices
- offices that clerics held, but most seldom visited
- Chapter 14
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communes
sworn associations of free men seeking complete political and economic independence from local nobles
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popolo
- People that want government places and equality due to heavy taxation
- Ciompi Revolt
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Ciompi Revolt
Revolt led by popolo
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Signori
Despots or one-man rulers
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Oligarchies
The rule of merchant aristocracies
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Sforza family
Rules Milan
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Girolamo Savonarola
- Florentine
- Predicts French invasion
- Also attacks the Medici and Pope's actions
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King Charles VIII
Leads France to attack split Italy in 1494
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Habsburg-Valois Wars (1522)
Series of conflicts on Italian land between France and Germany
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Francesco Petrarch
- New period from Gothic gloom
- Founder of Humanism
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Florence and Rome
Artistic centers of the Renaissance
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Donatello
Creates sculptures with balance and self-awareness
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Masaccio
- Father of Modern Painting
- Used great realism and themes including light and dark
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Baldassare Castiglione
- The Courtier (1528)
- Educated man should be well rounded
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Niccolo Machiavelli
- The Prince (1513)
- Gain, Maintain, Increase Power using fear and love
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Johann Gutenberg
Printing Press (1455)
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Johann Fust
Experimented with Gutenberg for movable type
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Peter Schoeffer
Experiemented with Gutenbergy for movable type
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Laura Cereta
- Woman who questioned the role of women
- Freedom is gained through study
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Saint Maurice
Black knight matyred in the 4th Century
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Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples
- French priest
- One of the first attempts to apply humanistic learning to religious problems
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Thomas More
- Utopia (1516)
- Describes ideal society
- Society has flaws instead of human corruption
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Desiderius Erasmus
Founded education as the means to reform and to follow Christ (not theologians)
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Francois Rabelais
- French humanist
- Wild, gross humor to satirize
- Rightness of instinct, laughter is the essence of manhood, etc.
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King Charles VII
- French
- Reorganized the royal council, strengthened royal finances,, and reformed the justice system and army
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Louis XI
- Charles VII's son
- Spider king
- Severe taxation
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Marriage of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany
Adds Brittany to France
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Mutual agreement of Francis I and Pope Leo X
Pope gets income of 1st years, Francis picks French bishops
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War of Roses
Yorkists (White) vs. Lancastrians (Red)
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Edward IV
Started domestic tranquility
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Star Chamber
- English
- Effective to prevent aristocratic interference
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Reconquista
attempts of northern Christian Kingdoms to control the entire peninsula
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Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella
Unified and Christianized Spain
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Innocent III
Abortions and Infanticide causes him to open orphanages
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Hermandades
- Brotherhoods revived by Ferdinand of Aragon
- Controlled locals as police force and judicial tribunals with severe punishments
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Conversos
Jews who converted due to riots and pogroms
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