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For zucchini cores, what effect does adding more solute do?q
it decreases water potential around the core causing more water to diffuse out of it. This will result in a higher % decrease in mass.
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What does the dark bottle represent?
respiration
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What does the initial bottle in Lab 12: DO represent?
amount of DO there is to begin with
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What is NPP?
- GPP- R or Light- Initial
- o amount of organic compounds that is available to the animal after photosynthesis and respiration has occurred; change over time in DO from initial concentration
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Bacteria can only take up DNA during the period at the end of logarithmic growth called __.
competency
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__ can transfer genes that occur naturally within them, or __ can act as __ for introducing foreign DNA from other bacteria, plasmids, or even eukaryotes.
plasmids x2
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Uptake of plasmids is a way of bacteria expressing foreign DNA. In a sentence explain what physical process must be done to the bacteria to make it compentent.
- you can incubate them
- growing more rapidly causes them to become more competent
- BASIC PROCESS:
- -- heat shock in presence of .05mg of CaCl2. You place the CaCl2 in, then you put the bacteria in a heat bath at 42oC- 45oC, wait a couple of minutes and immediately transfer then to an ice bath. THis is the heat shock and makes their membranes more receptive to take up plansmids.
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What does competent mean?
making a membrane more receptive and vulnerable so that it can take up a plasmid; when a cell takes up fragments of DNA that are attached to its membrane
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Explain the process that occurred that allowed E. Coli to become ampecillin resistant.
- bacterial transformation
- - made competent
- - competent cells were placed in two vials: one with the plasmid and one without
- - we allow the experiment to go, allowing the cells to take up the plasmid; not all cells take up the plasmid
- - afterwards, we have four petri dishes; two with ampicillin and two without ampicillin
- - we take the cells in the ampR+ vial and spread them on the plasmid with ampiciliin and without ampicillin
- o results: the dish without ampicillin should have a lawn of growth/ the dish with ampicillin should have colonies showing those that took up the plasmid
- - take the ampR- cells and spread them on the dishes that are labeled no plasmid with ampicillin and without.
- o Results: the dish without ampicilllin should also have a lawn of growth/ the dish with the antibiotic should have no growth because none of those cells were exposed to the plasmid so they are not ampicillin resistant
- o Those that took up the plasmid will survive; those that did not will die.
- o The descendents will have that gene
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In Lab 6, did transformation occur? How do you know?
yes because there were colonies that grew in the jar with ampicillin
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WHat other steps can be taken to verify that transformation has occurred?
other steps can be speading the cells on another jar with the antibiotic; if they still grow, they are resistent
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If you had to identify two unknown DNA samples, what steps would you have to do?
- a. Restriction Enzyme digest - used to cut DNA
- b. Gel electrophoresis - used to separate different size pieces of DNA
- c. Denaturing into single-stranded DNA - process used to view only one strand of the DNA double helix
- d. Southern Blot - DNA bands transferred to a nitrocellulose paper
- e. Radioactive DNA probe - used to find & bind to the complementary sequence in one or more RLFP's
- f. Autoradiograph - used to show similarities in DNA samples
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