APUSH Ch. 1

A group of people in the Rio Grande valley that constructed intricate systems to water their cornfields. They also built dwellings in villages of multistoried, terraced buildings. Pueblo means village in Spanish. Their social society was less developed.

Indian corn.

A Mississippian culture of the lower Midwest. Built the settlement of Cahokia.

Around 1300 CE.

Developed the political and organizational skills to sustain a robust military alliance that menaced its neighbors, Native and European alike, for well over a century.

A pattern of life that conferred substantial authority on women and power and possessions passed down the female side of the family line. Used by many Indian cultures.

Was a rare luxury in Europe and was very expensive.

An Italian adventurer who returned to Europe from China in 1295 and told tales of his 20 year sojourn. His book stimulated European desires for a cheaper route to the treasures of the East.

Arab flesh merchants and Africans had traded slaves for centuries before the Europeans arrived. The slavers routinely charged higher prices for captives from distant sources because they could not return to their native villages or be easily rescued by their kin. Slavery by its very nature inhibited the expression of regional African cultures and tribal identities.

Rounded the tip of Africa in 1488.

Reached India by sea and returned home with a small cargo of jewls and spices in 1498.

Ended the fighting between the Catholics and the Protestants through the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. Caused the brutal expulsion of Muslim Moors from Spain and caused a desire to out-do the Portuguese rivals.

An Italian seafarer who persuaded the Spanish monarchs to give him three ships. He set sail westward and landed in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492. He believed he had reached India and called the place the Indies.

The discoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513 and boldly claimed for Spain all the lands that touched that ocean.

Started from Spain in 1519 with five ships. He was slain in the Philippines and one remaining vessel arrived back home in 1522 completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Explored Florida which he thought was an island. He was seeking gold and the mythical fountain of youth but died from an indian arrow.

Explored the southwestern USA in 1540-1542 and discovered the Grand Canyon and Colorado Rivers. He was looking for the fabled golden cities but did not find them.

Went on a gold seeking expedition from 1539-1542. He explored from Florida to the Mississippi River but died of disease and mistreated the Indians.

Crushed the Inca's in Peru in 1532.

A Spanish missionary who was appalled by the encomienda system and said it was invented by Satan.

Defeated the Aztecs in 1521.

A female Indian slave who knew both Mayan and Nahuatl and she became a translator for Cortes. When she learned Spanish she was baptized as Dona Marina.

Aztec chieftain.

Aztec god who's return from the Eastern sea was predicted in Aztec legends. Cortes was thought to be this god and was therefore welcomed unopposed.

Sent by the English to explore the northeastern coast of NA in 1497 and 1498.

Dispatched by the French to probe the eastern seaboard in 1524.

Sent by the French in 1534 to explore the St. Lawrence River.

Sent by the French in the 1680s to explore the Mississippi River and begin settlement.

Explored the Californian coast in 1542.

Founded 21 missions in California starting in San Diego between 1769 and 1823.

Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Oñate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.

Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.

False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ

Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans.

First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level.

Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe’s transition to capitalism.

Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. Caravels could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey.

Form of political society that traditionally combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. The Aztec and Inca empires in South America are early examples of civilizations in the New World.

The transfer of goods, crops and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.

Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires.

Spanish government’s policy to “commend,” or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland

Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until they were conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.

People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.

In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. After the eleventh century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen.

“Sad night”, when the Aztecs attacked Hernán Cortés and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlán, killing hundreds. Cortés laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule.

Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. European settlers established plantations in Africa, South America, the Caribbean and the American South

Pueblo Indian rebellion which drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico

Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans and squash were grown together to maximize yields.

Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.

Leader of the Iroquois Confederacy