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Shape note singings
Folk choir
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Lining out
Minister singing a line that is repeated by the congregation
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Hymns, anthems, spirituals
New church songs that were adapted as folk songs
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Solfege
Pitches represented by syllables
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The Sacred Harp
Shape note hymnbook
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John McCurry
Shape note hymn composer
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The Southern Harmony
Shape note hymnbook
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The Social Harp
John McCurry's collection of "old style" shape note songs
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Banjo
Long-necked plucked fretted lute
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Guitar
- Fretted lute
- Strummed for harmony and rhythm, plucked for melody
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Hawaiian guitar
Guitar played with sliding pitches on the player's lap
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Pedal steel guitar
- Electronic instrument with strings horizontal in front of the player
- Pitches altered by foot pedals and a sliding metal bar
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Mountain dulcimer
Fretted plucked or strummed zither
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Hammered dulcimer
Trapezoidal zither played with mallets
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Autoharp
Zither with buttons that produce chords when strumming the instrument
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Hoedowns/breakdowns
Group dances
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Country music
Included string bands, singing cowboys, western swing, and honky-tonk
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Carter Family
Country music musicians
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String bands
- Banjo, guitar, fiddle, and bass
- Played traditional dance tunes and accompanied singers
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Singing cowboys
Small folk vocal ensembles
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Western swing
Country and big band jazz fusion from Texas
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Honky-tonk
Texan genre featuring electric slide steel guitar
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Bill Monroe
Pioneer of bluegrass music
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Bluegrass
Style where virtuosic players trade solos
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Earl Scruggs
Famous bluegrass banjo player
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Woody Guthrie
- Folk musician
- Composer of "This land is your land"
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Pete Seeger
- Folk Musician
- Composer of "If I had a hammer"
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Black Elk
Lakota holy man whose songs came from spirits
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Vocables
Syllables without literal meaning
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Ghost Dance
Mass participation dance that connected people with the spirit world
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Powwows
Intertribal meeting with music and dance
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Peyote
Hallucinogen used during ceremonies
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R. Carlos Nakai
Popularized Native American flute
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Ring shout
Dancing and singing of slaves
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Spirituals
Religious songs
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Blue notes
Pitches that were lower than diatonic scale steps
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Minstrel shows
Popular theater that combined music and skits imitating blacks
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Stephen Foster
Minstrel song composer
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John Philip Sousa
Wind band conductor and composer
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Wind band
Orchestra made of aerophones
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Brass band
Orchestra made of only buzzed-lip instruments
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Strains
Section with four phrases
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Bridge
One-phrase transition between strains
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Scott Joplin
Pianist and ragtime composer
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Cakewalk
African American dance
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Ragtime
Popular piano genre
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Tin Pan Alley
New York area where music publishers were concentrated
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Jazz
Popular music form with syncopations and polyphony
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Dixieland
New Orleans style of jazz
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Front line
Melody instruments in jazz
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Rhythm section
Harmonic and rhythmic section in jazz
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Solo
Repetition of the tune featuring only a single instrumentalist and the rhythm section
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Head
Initial statement of the tune
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Louis Armstrong
Trumpet player that developed the jazz solo
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Hollers
Wordless melodies
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Blues
Style of hollers combined with ballads
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12-bar blues
Standard harmonic pattern
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Country blues
Early style of blues
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Robert Johnson
Country blues guitarist
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Bessie Smith
Blues singer
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Barbershop
Professional vocal ensembles employing a variety of genres
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Doo-wop
Small unaccompanied vocal ensembles
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George Gershwin
Composer who combined jazz and classical orchestra
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Big bands
Jazz bands with multiple of the same kind of instrument
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Duke Ellington
Big band composer
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Swing
Dance style associated with big band jazz
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Bebop
Smaller jazz ensembles with intricate solos
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Charlie Parker
Developed jazz as an art music
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Miles Davis
Innovated jazz with influences from rock, and other cultures
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Elvis Presley
Rock and roll musician
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Rhythm and blues
Up-tempo blues songs
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Rock and roll
- Originally white musicians playing a black style
- Features electric guitar, small ensembles, and emphasis on singing
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Bob Dylan
American folk singer whose music was a form of social protest
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The Beatles
Famous rock band
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British Invasion
Bands from the UK came to dominate US rock music
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Progressive rock
Bands that experimented with influences from art music
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Hard rock
Powerful songs with theatrical performances in large venues
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Heavy metal
Powerful songs with theatrical performances in large venues
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Soul music
Later genre of rhythm and blues
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Aretha Franklin
Soul music singer
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James Brown
Pioneer of funk music
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Funk
- Emphasis on texture and rhythm
- Slap bass, wind instruments with punctuations in music
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Breaks
Instrumental sections of funk music
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Scratching
Turntable technique
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Turntablism
Using the turntable as a musical instrument
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Rap music
Speaking rhythmic rhymes over music
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Hip-hop
Generic term for African-American with rap styles
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Gangsta rap
Hip-hop with focus on the concerns of inner-city blacks
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Sampling
Digital recording and playback of sound
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Drum machines
Digital drum parts without a live drummer
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Synthesizers
Electronic instruments
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Disco
Dance music of the late 70's
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MIDI sequencers
Programs of notes played by synthesizers and drum machines
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Loops
Repetitive element of electronic music
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Techno
Evolution of disco music into electronic dance music
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Electronica
Electronic dance music
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World music
Record label for non-western music
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Worldbeat
Record label for non-western music
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Global pop
Record label for non-western music
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