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The Fraud Triangle
- Motive
- Opportunity
- Rationalization
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- (Physical)
- Physiological
- Safety
- (Social)
- Love/Affinity
- (Ego)
- Esteem/Respect
- Self-actualization/Fulfillment
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Heath's Seven Rationalizations of Unethical Behavior
- Denial or responsibility
- Denial of injury
- Denial of the victim
- Condemnation of the condemners
- Appeal to higher loyalties
- Everyone else is doing it
- Entitlement
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Cultural Imperialism
When a multinational corporation ignores local religious and social customs
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Facilitating payment
A payment that is nominal in value and made to speed up a result that would have happened anyways given enough time.
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Bribe
A payment that is larger than nominal, and without which the desired result would have not occurred.
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Crisis
An event that brings, or has the potential for bringing, an organization into disrepute and imperils its future profitability, growth, and possibly its very survival.
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Four phases of a crisis
- Precrisis
- Uncontrolled
- Controlled
- Reputation restoration
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Lerbinger's seven types of crisis
- Natural disasters
- Technological disasters
- Differences of expectations
- Malevolent acts by terrorists, extremists, governments, and individuals
- Management values that do not keep pace with environmental and social requirements/obligations
- Management deception
- management misconduct
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Ethics and crisis management: Prevention and warning
- Code of conduct
- Identify potential ethics problems
- Ethical red flags
- Encourage by publicizing, good examples
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Cultural Relativism
No culture's ethics are better than any other's
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Ethical imperialism
Directs people to do everywhere exactly as they do at home
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Moral imagination
Resolving tensions responsibly and creatively
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