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Spritz
- def of development: emergence of forms, functions, & behaviors that are result of exchange between an organism on one hand & the inner and outer environment on the other.
- The onset progress of each of these stages of development depends on the maturation & stimulation of environment
- S.American orphanges: not enuf nurses, phys needs met not emotional need tho, suffered personality changes, did not dev't, disease, COULD recover if parents returned w/i 3 months
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Attachment Theory Principle
Emotional engagement is the necessary precursor to healthy development
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Winnicot
importance of a consistent caregiver for consistency and security, & emotional bond
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Harlow
- monkey love derives from close bodily contact
- Isolation times affected ability to recover, and how treat their own young, apathy
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Bowlby
- – traumatic separation can lead to emotional detachment (no contac w/ parents)
- initial phase of protest-> passive grief/dejection-> deeper emotional detachment (no use to cry)
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Hard-wired responses to attach
- 1. Primitive reflexes: rooting, grasping, Moro reflexes
- 2. Attention to cues: orient to light in womb, recognize sounds after birth, distiguish mom's voice, vertical symmmetry
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First 4 phases of attachement/milestones
- 1. Limited discrimination (birth to 2 months)
- limited to olfaction/auditory
- Social smile – relief of tension-> needs met, like feeding (4-6 weeks) assoc needs met with human face, smiles at everyone. after 3 mo w/o smiling=pathology
- 2. Discrimination with limited preference (2-7 months)
- 3. Preferred ("specific") attachment (7-12 months)
- Stranger anxiety – protests when given to a non-caregiver. First calamity of life: abandonment (7 months)
- 4. Secure base (12-18 months)
- Separation anxiety – proximity to caregiver promotes a feeling of internal security (12 months)
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Ainsworth
- Answorth's Strange Situation Procedure- 1yrs
- secure, anxious-ambivalent, anxious-avoidant
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Tronick
- disconnects/"misattachments" to attunement
- thirds
- Successful repair: positive emotions, snese of mastery,effective coping, good relating w/ ppl
- Lack of repair:helpless, no sense of mastery, turns away fron relationships, relies of slef, poor self-regulation, experiences persistent insecurity
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Attachment
- Tronick's work
- Problems in attachment affect brain grwoth, H, NTs
- Secure infant, self-regulate: Dopamine & opiod; synaptic growth in prefrontal limbic region
- Insecure infanct, coorel to psycological states: prolonged cortisol levels (ie. 24hrs vs. 15min)
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Erickson
- Polarity: First stage: Trust vs. Mistrustsense of trust or mistrust dev't based on treatment of caregiver.
- (Toddler)
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