Test 4

What are the tubes called that exit the kidneys?

What drains the urine from the kidneys?

What is the organ that stores urine?

Do the ureters enter the bladder from the top or the bottom?

What is the pathway that comes out of the bladder?

What is the major function of the renal system?

What is an example of nitrogenous wastes?

What does aldosterone help reabsorb?

Are the kidneys responsible for Hydrogen or Bicarbonate?

If you are too acidic, what ion would you want to secrete?

If you have too litte blood volume, what are the hormones secreted?

What is the antagonist to aldosterone & ADH?

RBC production is via what hormone?

When would you want to increase RBC concentration?

Low or High Blood Volume?

How does producing more RBC help blood volume?

What is the tough fibrous outer cover of the kidney?

What surrounds the renal capsule protecting the kidney from blunt trauma?

Where do the structures enter and exit the kidneys?

What are the triangle shaped structures in the kidney?

What are the tissues in between the pyramids?

What are the vase-like structures the pyramids rest on?

What is the common area where all the calyces come together to form one central space just before you exit the kidney?

What are the extensions of the pyramid that protrude into the calyx?

Name the structures that dribble urine all day long into the calyces.

What type of junctions do you find in the cells of the bladder?

Tight or Gap

If an imaginary line is drawn across the top of the pyramids, anything inside of the line will be what?

Cortex or Medulla

If an imaginary line is drawn across the top of the pyramids, anything outside of the line will be what?

Cortex or Medulla

What makes up most of the main body of the kidney?

Cortical or Medullary Tissue

What is the collective term for the Glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule?

Referring to muscles, what is the functional unit of anything?

(Smallest collection of parts that get the job done)

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

What three things must occur in order to form urine?

What is the small capillary bed within the nephron?

What is the site of filtration where water is forced out of the blood?

What is the pressure forcing fluid out of the capillaries?

Hydrostatic or Osmotic

What are the special type of cells that lay on the surface of the glomerulus?

What is the double-walled hollow sphere that collects filtrate and surrounds the glomerulus?

(Hint: plastic grapes)

Where does filtration occur?

What is the process when something is small enough to get filtered but you want to keep it?

(Hint: Glucose)

What is the process when something is too big to be filtered so you want to get rid of it?

What is the structure coming off the Bowman's Capsule where 90% of water is reabsorbed?

Where do you have obligitory water reabsorption?

What means "water will be absorbed here no matter what?"

In the Loop of Henle, as the filtrate is moving down the descending limb is it becoming more or less concentrated?

In the Loop of Henle, where do you undergo secretion and reabsorption?

In the Loop of Henle, where does the filtrate dilute due to reabsorption of ions & solutes?

Which limb of the Loop of Henle comes off of the Proximal Convoluted Tubules heading down into the pyramids?

Which limb of the Loop of Henle moves toward the Distal Convoluted Tubules?

Where would you have facilitated water reabsorption?

ADH and/or Aldosterone is required in what type of water reabsorption?

Name the arteriole that brings blood into the glomerulus.

Name the arteriole that brings blood out of the glomerulus?

What makes up the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

What is the function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

What structure brings blood into the kidney?

What are the structures where the renal artery branches over the renal pelvis?

What arteries branch in between the pyramids?

What arteries arch over top of the pyramids?

What are the smaller vessels that branch off of the interlobar & arcuate arteries?

What branches off of the interlobular arteries?

What forms the glomerulus?

What brings blood out of the glomerulus?

What is formed by efferent arterials?

What surrounds the tubes in the kidney in the Loop of Henle?

What is formed by the peritubular capillaries?

Where do the interlobular veins dump in to?

What do arcuate veins turn in to?

What do interlobar veins turn in to?

Where do the segmental veins exit?

What is the flow of blood through the kidney?

(Hint: 14 steps)

How does the presence of ADH & Aldosterone affect urine concentration?

(Hint: 3 things)

What is the ability for the blood pressure to be maintained within the glomerulus?

What is the typical pressure within the glomerulus?

How does sympathetic input affect urine production?

What is the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed by the kidneys?

What is reached when all protein gates are engaged?

What is the term for the urge to urinate?

What do you call the condition where glucose is showing up in urine?

What are the effects of aging on the renal system?

(Hint: 3 things)

What are the two fluid compartments of the body?

What does IFC stand for?

What does EFC stand for?

Which has the greatest volume?

IFC or EFC

Are we made up of more cells or spaces between cells?

How does the NaK pump work?

What is the main component of IFC?

What is the main component of EFC?

Is osmolality the same or different between IFC and EFC?

Do homeostatic mechanisms monitor the IFC or EFC?

Are the solutes between the IFC and EFC the same or different?

What is the tonicity of a fluid that doesn't cause any net movement of water across the membrane?

If you lose body fluid (blood, dehydration, inadequate water intake) how will that affect the concentration of the EFC?

More or Less Concentrated

What acts more as a fluid reservoir?

IFC or EFC

Does ADH affect water retention or loss?

Does Aldosterone affect water retention or loss?

Does ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) affect water retention or loss?

What are the factors affecting water loss?

(Hint: 3 things)

What is excessive water loss from diarrhea called?

What factors affect water gain?

How would low blood pressure affect water gain?

Would you secrete ADH & Aldosterone or ANP during low blood pressure?

What is normal blood pH?

Which ion makes something acidic?

Which ion makes something a base?

What are two symptoms of acidosis?

What are the symptoms of alkalosis?

Is hyperventalation caused by acidosis or alkalosis?

Which is more common acidosis or alkalosis?

If you have too much CO₂ are you more acidic or alkalodic?

How does hemoglobin act as a buffer?

How would you adjust your breathing to affect acidosis?

How would you adjust your breathing to affect alkalosis?

(Hint: Prevert Calling)

What drives the need to breathe?

What are the two main disorders?

What are the two types of Acidosis?

What is the most common type of acidosis?

Respiratory or Metabolic

What is Respiratory Acidosis due to?

What causes lowered ventilation?

What is the second most common type of acidosis?

Respiratory or Metabolic

Which acidosis is the inability to secrete H+?

Respiratory or Metabolic?

In which acidosis do you suffer severe bicarbonate loss?

Respiratory or Metabolic

How do you suffer severe bicarbonate loss?

What type of Alkalosis is most rare?

What is an example of metabolic alkalosis?

What is the least developed form of an egg?

(Most Primative)

What is the most primative form of sperm?

Is there an equal amount of cytoplasm in the first round of meiosis?

What is the smaller cell formed during meiosis?

What is the product from the first round of meiosis?

A key characteristic of this is follicular cells are tightly packed around it.

What is the product from the second round of meiosis?

A key characteristic of this is in the whole follicle, the spaces start to open up between the follicular cells and the egg itself

What forms the Corpus Luteum?

What are considered the egg itself and the cell tightly packed around them?

What hormone stimulates the follicle to mature?

What is considered a huge space?

What is the term for a Mature Follicle?

Going from primary to secondary to mature is the action of what hormone?

Once the egg ruptures, follicular cells are left behind. What will stimulate the left over follicles to form the Corpus Luteum?

What does the Corpus Luteum secrete?

How many eggs are typically ovulated at one time?

How do you get fraternal twins?

How do you get identical twins?

How do you get conjoined twins?

What is another term for Oocyte?

How many Polar Bodies do we end up with?

Are eggs expensive or cheap to make?

Is sperm expensive or cheap to make?

What does dad donate?

What are the 4 steps in Spermatogenesis?

Where on the sperm is the acrosome located?

What part of the sperm contains enzymes that help fertilize the egg and provide species recognition?

What is the basic anatomy of a sperm cell?

What is the head of the sperm?

What is the midpiece of the sperm?

What is the function of flagella?

What are seminiferous tubules?

What are epididymis?

How many sperm are created from one spermatogonia?

What are the 4 stages of Oogenesis?

What are some female secondary sexual characteristics?

Do females tend to have a higher water or fat content?

What hormone is responsible for growth and maturation of the endometrium?

What hormone is responsible for smooth muscle contraction and milk ejection?

Which hormone is responsible for the maintenance of male reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics?

In conjuction with progesterone, what decreases production of LH & FSH?

What is defined as the first sight of blood?

The endometrium is developed during what phase?

Puberty usually strikes at what age?

What can cause early onset of puberty?

What is defined when a menstral cycle becomes more irregular until stopping?

What hormone maintains female reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics?

What is the period during menopause of irrational behavior?

What do follicles secrete?

What stimulates the release of FSH & LH?

At end of proliferation phase, estrogen and progesterone inhibit what?

During what phase has the endometrium reach its greatest height of development and is ready for implantation?

What is the mitochondria providing energy to in sperm?

Why would you want to cut the vas deferens?