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function of lymphatic system
collects excess intersitital fluid
and return it to the blood
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takes the excess fluid through....
lymph nodes
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what can the lymph nodes do?
prepared to elicit an immune response if necessary
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lymphatic system does what with low soluble fats
reroutes them around small capillaries of the intestine
takes them into large veins of the neck
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Is the lymphatic system an open or closed system? And why?
open
fluid enteres at one end and leaves at the other
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how does material (fluid or particles) enter into lymphatic vessel?
interstitial fluid flows between overlaping endothelial cells
large particles push their way through
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lymp vessel designed so that...
once inside the lymph, they cannot push their way out
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once inside lymph, what is the gauge pressure
slightly negative
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as interstitial pressure rises toward zero, does lymph flow increase or decrease?
flow increases - in one direction
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Once inside, how is the fluid propelled throughout he valves of lymph?
2 ways:
- 1-smooth muscle in the larger lymph vessels contract
- 2-lymph vessels may be squeezed by adjacent skeletal muscles
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lymph flow and skeletal muscles
lymph flow of an active individual is considerably greater than in an individual at rest
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where does lymph system empty fluid?
large veins in the thoracic duct
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what kind of tissue is blood
connective tissue
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blood functions
regulates extracellular env. (transporting nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat)
protects the body from injury and foreign invaders
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centrifuge of blood gives....
plasma (water, ions, urea, ammonia, proteins)
white blood cells
red blood cells
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RBC and WBC (other names)
RBC = erythrocytes
WBC = leukocytes
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what are the proteins in the blood?
albumin
immunoglobulin
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albumin functions
transports fatty acids and steroids
regulates osmotic pressure in blood
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immunoglobulin function
antibodies
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red blood cells (erythrocytes) function
- transport O2 and CO2
- like bags of hemoglobin
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do erythrocytes have organelles? Do they reproduce?
no
cannot undergo mitosis
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as erythrocytes pass through plasma membranes what happens to them? what happens next?
they get worn out
spleen destroys old, worn RBC
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leukocyte function
protect body from foreign invaders
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do leukocytes have hemoglobin? organelles?
no hemoglobin
yes organelles
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what are stem cells?
all blood cells come from the same type or precursor: stem cells
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where do stem cells reside?
bone marrow
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If RBC and WBC have a common precursor, how do erythrocytes lost their organelles?
lose their nucleus while still in the marrow
lose organelles when they enter the blood stream
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luekocyte formation is more complex, why?
there are different kinds
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Immune System: what are the two kinds of immunity?
innate immunity
acquired immunity
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innate v. acquired immunity
innate = generalized protection
acquired = protection against specific organisms or toxins
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innate immunity fighters
- skin = barrier
- stomach = low pH and digestive enzymes
- phagocytotic cells
- chemicals in the blood
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Innate immunity: what is inflammation
injury to tissue
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what goes on physiologically during inflammation?
dilation of blood vessels
increased permeability of capillaries
swelling of tissue cells
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reason for inflammation
"block" of effected tissue from rest of the body in order to prevent spreading of infection
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what do swollen glands indicate?
swollen lymph nodes with immune cells are ready to fight invasion
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acquired immunity - divided further into...
humoral
cell mediated
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humoral is what kind of immunity? (what cell)
B-cell immunity
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B lymphocytes mature where?
bone marrow and liver
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what do b lymphocytes produce?
antibodies
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what do antibodies do?
stimulate immune response if it recognizes a foreign particle (antigen)
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what happens when antibody meets antigen?
begin a cascade of runs involving blood proteins
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what do helper T cells do?
help lymphocyte to differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells
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what do plasma cells do?
synthesize free antibodies and release them into the blood stream
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where are plasma cells derived from?
stem cells in the bone marrow
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what do memory B cells do?
stay in the body, prepare for reinfection
second infection = trigger a secondary response
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humoral immunity is effective against:
bacteria, fungi, parasitic protozoans, viruses and blood toxins
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cell mediated immunity: what kind of immunity? what cell
T-lymphocytes
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do T-lymphocytes make antibodies?
no, instead they test agains self-antigens
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what are self-antigens?
expressed in normal cells of the body
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what happens if a T cell binds to a self-antigen?
it is destroyed
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if T cell is not destroyed?
- differentiates into: helper T cells
- memory T cells
- suppressor T cells
- killer T cells
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helper T cells
assist in activating B lymphocytes and killer & suppressor T cells
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memory T cells
similar to memory B cells
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suppressor T cells
negative feedback in immune system
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killer T cells
bind to the antigen-carrying cell and release a protein which punctures the cell
[responsible for fighting off some forms of cancer, and attacking transplanted tissue]
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cell mediated immunity is effective against
infected cell
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summary of bacterial infection
inflammation
macrophages, then neutrophils engulf bacteria
interstitial fluid is flushed into lymphatic system
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once in lymphatic system.....
macrophages proces and present bacterial antigens to B lymphocytes
- T helper cells help B lymphocytes differentiate
- memory cells prepare for reinfection
produce antibodies released into blood stream to attack bacteria
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Blood types
blood type has corresponding antigen
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specific types and antigens
- Type A = A antigens
- Type B = B antigens
- Type AB = A and B antigens
- Type O = no antigens
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if RBC has an antigen does immune system make antibodies against that antigen?
no
immune sys. makes antibodies for all other antigens
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universal donor and acceptor?
universal donor = O
universal acceptor = AB
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genotypes:
- A: IAIA or IAi
- B: IBIB or IBi
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What does Rh negative mean?
genotype codes for nonfunction products of the Rh gene
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concern if....
Rh- mother has a fetus that is Rh+ and she makes antibodies for +
next pregnancy....fetus is Rh+ then fetus is attacked by mother's antibodies
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