COMM

Those in power stay in power. Reinforces current power to maintain the status quo. Gramsci coined the turn cultural hegemony.

The public has free access to use material in the public domain.

The doctrine that brief excerpts of copyright material may, under certain circumstances, be quoted verbatim for purposes such as criticism, news reporting, teaching, and research, without the need for permission from or payment to the copyright holder

generic term for access control technologies that can be used by hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals to impose limitations on the usage of digital content and devices.

an area in social life where people can get together and freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action. Know it's relation to internet?

Assigning of meaning through language and culture. It's not reflection but construction!

• 1. It constructs reality.
• 2. Has material effects--may cause audience to not fun certain programs
• 3. representation shapes social understanding behavior, policy, and law.

• 1. Meaning
• 2. Social Structures
• 3. Power
• 4. Justify inequality

institutes develop habitual ways of representing. framing.

• 1. Marking of difference
• 2. Classification
• 3. Essentialization: deciding certain essential qualities.
• 4. Hierarchy
• 5. Naturalization

Idea from Berger. That women are objects to by looked at.

• 1. Economic determinism
• 2. False consciousness

Don't want workers to recognize the social relations that keep them poor.

• More dynamic than Marx. Believed power was negotiated.
• Coined the term hegemony

• power operates through discourse.
• It's not top down.
• power and knowledge-implicated in each other
• Power makes knowledge true

becomes all related ways in which a given set of ideas and meaning are constructed.

(Foucault) Discourses create these regimes. ex. term child-huge legalities tied to the definition.

an individual utterance which can shift meaning.

system of production of meaning.

Economic Determinism: base=owner, base determines structure i.e. cultural and political activities

it needs to be developed in trying to unmask the reality of class divided societies and to struggle successfully for change.

• 1. Power to ascribe social position
• 2. power to display
• 3. right to consume
• 4. right to use as accessory
• 5. right to look at someone

Women must inhabit multiple personas, some in conflict, identities are in contradictions to themselves.

False belief that women find identity and meaning in their lives only through their husbands and children. All women have a built in maternal instinct. Women are nurturing passive and inherently domestic.

• 50s and 60s: homemaker
• 70s: slim, beautiful, dumb-worked only as secretaries, nurses, teachers subordinate positions.
• 80s: rise of embedded feminism
• 90s: women's rights acknowledge but there's more contradictions ex. Spice Girls

Women are criticized either way. Women must be seen as pure and if they have sex outside of marriage they are seen as a whore.

the systematic underrepresentation of a particular group and media representations that favor stereotypes and omit realistic portrayals.

Women are to be looked at. Men act, women appear

Women must always put themselves under surveillance. Body image is crucial.

feminist gains attitudes and achievements are women into our culture fabric. ex. roseanne

Resurrects sexist stereotypes of firls and women insiting the jokes are okay because equality has been achieved. Invites viewer to be ironically sexist.

• An ideology that insists that feminism's goals have been achieved, thus feminism is irrelevant and outdated.
• Relies on repudiating feminism

• 1. tough guys
• 2. buff and rugged
• 3. ambitious
• 4. aggressive
• 5. self reliant
• 6. stoic

men portrayed with funs, tanks, resistance to torture, ability to kill, emotionless. initiation into masculinity and brotherhood. heterosexual and power over women

• 80s: slight shift to the sensitive new age guy
• 90s: gay men on television. accepted but stereotyped.

• 1. not a category of nature
• 2. ideology through which unequal distributions of wealth and power are naturalized.
• 3. mode of placing cultural meaning on the body
• 4. media play a central role in cultural construction of race and stereotypes

• 1. drew on racist conventions.
• 2. made fun of slow witted black men.
• 3. white men dressed as black men.

the process of assigning meaning to racial differences and constructing racial categories

mode of explaining social differences using racial ideas to justify unequal access to resources.

• 1. civil/barbaric
• 2. smart
• 3. rational
• 4. inferior
• 5. self controlled/calm
• 6. sexuality
• 7. pure

• standard contrast against which other races are measured
• 1. self controlled
• 2. disciplined.
• 3. ambitious
• 4. rational
• 5. intelligent

Entman and Rojecki emphasized racial comity as normal ideal

the idea that discourses of race, gender, and class intersect in their influence of how they shape peoples positions. Not additive but very complex.

• 1. more shows in recent past deal w/ middle class or white collar.
• 2. blue collar class is severely underrepresented
• when represented, stereotyped
• 3. Upward mobility is still the American Dream

• 1. In a democracy, the people govern
• 2. meed accurate, reliable information

• 1. the fourth governing art in opposition to gov
• 2. unofficial social and political force
• 3. as important as the official sources of power
• 4. checks and balances

NOT ATTAINABLE!

The fact that there are two sides to every story.

FACT!

• Contemporary American news emerged out of several traditions.
• 1. Partisan
• 2. Commercial
• 3. Objectivity
• 4. Interpretive
• 5. Fragmented

neutrality does not exist yet. focused on politics and commercial transactions

• 1. cheaper
• 2. emphasis on local news
• 3. included crime news
• 4. increased coverage of upper and lower class
• 5. emphasis on speed and competition

1st agency was the associated press: cooperative venture among New York City paper. pooled resourced to sell news to others and began using the telegraph.

• 1, Freed political patrons, a sense of strong publishers and editors attempted to outdo one another in attracting advertisements
• 2. Yellow journalism: tabloid style, fantastical journalism that down plays legitimate news in favor of eye catching headlines.

• 1. Pulitzer wanted professionalism
• 2. Journalism schools created
• 3. Reporters have power
• 4. People trusted the media

• 1. limits of objectivity
• 2. reporters acknowledge their own bias
• 3. more interpretive news
• 4. news analysis emerges
• 5. In news analysis reporters try to explain what lies behind

• 1. More interpretive
• 2. more news outlets
• 3. news media fragmented, little agreement on even basic facts, let alone interpretation

• 1. Recentness
• 2. Threshold
• 3. Proximity- targeted audience
• 4. Negativity- outside norm something bad
• 5. Predictability- events ppl look forward to i.e. elections
• 6. Continuity- i.e. OJ simpson (follow story)
• 7. Composition-variety
• 8. personalization-celebrities
• 9. entertainment

• 1. impact
• 2. significance
• 3. novelty
• 4. quality of images

recent event which is used as a handle to hang other related stories on. i.e. back to school=budget cuts, events, teachers,

The amount of space in a newspaper or broadcast news shows that remains for journalism after advertising has been placed.

• 1. the agendas of public officials
• 2. journalism ambition
• 3. ratings
• 4. censorship
• 5. news routine
• 6. profit pressures

• Gov conflicts i.e. presidential
• elections
• Crimes, scandals, wars, disasters
• Innovations
• Health
• National ceremonies
• Rites of passage
• People who break rules

• people who break rules
• celebrities
• world leaders
• victims of disasters
• athletes
• usual people

• Those close to power
• Eager to be sources
• Reliable
• Close to journalist and discreet
• Need a very strong relationship
• between journalist and source

Press Releases

• Dominant media:firms=big businesses
• The news shy away from controversy to get quality audiences
• Advertisers want
• 1)to reach a quality audience
• 2) to avoid controversy
• 3) to entertain
• heavy reliance on official sources and powerful
• sources including corporate and governmental public relations firms
• social circles: publishers,
• editors, and news reporters

• management over labor
• corporatism over anti-corporatism
• affluent over the poor
• private enterprises
• whites
• males over females
• officialdom over protests

• Community activist groups
• Young people who are not victims or criminals
• Middle class
• colored people
• Left of center journalists, politicians
• Working class
• spokespeople

• More infotainment and soft news
• Less international news-rely on wire services
• More competition over ratings, more pressure to earn a profit
• Internal self-censorship and self advertising as news
• More branding of news

• privacy
• quality of news
• copyright
• surveillance
• technology
• control

• Advanced research projects agency sponsored defense research
• Used to be information sharing based, mainly universities
• 1991: commercialization with brand width, security, software algorithms
• 1995: internet becomes private

gap between those who have access to new media and internet and those who don't

McLuhan theorized the internet would bring people together

Innis said time biased media were meant to last over time (i.e. stone tablets. Space biased media are media that reach a large group of people but do not last overtime (i.e. tv broadcast).

Meyrowitz: theorized ppl would be confused about their identity because influences on us are coming from so many places.

• 1. Blurring of public and private behaviors
• 2. Blurring of spaces and their functions
• 3. Blurring of social economic political and cultural functions of spaces and media

Castells: said technology will help us connect and we'll have a social capital

fewer unexpected encounters with new ideas and fewer shared experiences.

• 1. speed up life
• 2. connection
• 3. flatten hierarchy
• 4. promote democratization
• 5. promote one to many, many to many
• 6. elude capitalism

• 1. speed of life
• 2. isolation
• 3. promote more access to ppl for capitalism (ads)
• 4. lack of quality material
• 5. lack of shared community
• 6. weakening of public sphere and democracy

The transnational and transcultural flow of media ppl technologies ideologies finances and cultures.

• 1. cultural exchange
• 2. cultural imperialism
• 3. cultural nationalization
• 4. cultural hybridity

there are different power roles in different situations depending on your position...example: in our class, my subject position is one of power as an instructor but in my own classes my subject position has less power and a different role as a student.

Utopian worldview of uniting the world as a global village. Advocates free flow of media across nations and cultures using satellites. technological optimism. Ideology of permissivism (free enterprise).

Free Enterprise!

• colonizing other markets.
• Unproportional reciprocation
• One country more powerful
• Dystopian worldview of global village
• Highlights one way media flow
• demand free and fair flow of information
• fear globalization=westernization "americanization"

• focus on transborder flows of information across global media.
• combo of new and old cultural traditions
• the arguments that play between imitation and innovation in TV leads to creation of hybrid genre styles, fashion, cultures.

• Ideology of paternalism
• Purity of national culture
• favors government regulation of media flows using restrictions. i.e. Academie Francaise

propagates false consciousness

• Themes of dislocation, hardships, longing and desire.
• Drew attention to the hardworking african american women using mass culture to spread the word.

Group polarization is the idea that people are increasingly seeking out information that reinforces their current beliefs. This is related to audience segmentation because it refers to small groups of like minded people grouping together to the exclusion of others.