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Three important chimpanzee field sites...
- Gombe National Park, Uganda (Jane Goodall)
- Tai National Park, Ivory Coast
- Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania
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percent of time chimpanzees spend in trees feeding, resting, and sleeping...
50-70%
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How many hours per day do chimpanzees actively feed?
6-7 hours
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Stages of chimpanzee life:
- Infancy: 0-5y
- Juvenile: 5-7y
- Adolescence: 8-15y
- Maturity: 16-33y
- old age: 33y-death
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Among chimpanzees, a large group that, through fission and fusion, is composed of a series of constantly changing smaller units including the all-male party, family unit, nursery unit consorship, and gathering
community
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eight types of chimpanzee social groups...
- all-male party
- family unit
- nursery unit (two or more family units)
- mixed party
- sexual party (femals in estrus)
- consorship (adult male and female/no offspring)
- gathering (half the community)
- lone individual
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chimp community characteristics...3
- consists of a series of small units
- ever-changing
- male patrols kill intruders
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a submission gesture of chimps...
crouching and reaching out to touch
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male chimps...4
- more social than female
- groom each other 2wice as much as female-male
- embracing
- brothers form bonds in community
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female chimps...4
- migrates
- show sexual swellings
- mates several males
- close bond with infants (own and others)
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male chimp leaps into a tree and swings, and hair stand erect...
courtship dysplay
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Tool used made and used by chimpanzees for collecting termites for food.
termite stick
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how does a chimp fashion a termite stick?...
...who do they learn from?...
- pulls off the leaves or breaks it to the right length
- mother
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three chimpanzee tools
- termite stick
- leaf sponge
- wood/rock hammer
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Among chimpanzees, a temporary group that forms after hunting to eat the meat.
sharing cluster
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what do chimps do that most primates do not?
deliberatly hunt meat
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chimp game...5
- bushbucks
- bush pigs
- rodents
- young baboons
- red colobus monkeys
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gesture of holding up the hand, open palm, under the possessor's chin while making characteristic vocalizations...
chimp reqest for meat
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how old is farming?
13,000 years old
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Among humans, the basic social unit of hunting and gathering peoples, which typically consists of about 25 members.
band
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three theories human lack of estrus...
- increased need for male cooperation; decreased cause for male competition
- required frequent copulation; encouraged male-female bond; increased liklihood of paternaty
- female gets multiple matings; confused paternaty; more protection for child
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humans individuals who migrate to other bands differ from ape migrants in that...
they retain close ties with the group they leave
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results in important socio-economic relationships between bands
kinship ties
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warfare is not associated with foraging groups; is is associated with...2
agricultural and industrial societies
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cooperation, equal access to resources, and the absence of strict hirearcheal systems...
egalitarian
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a feature of human groups is the presence of a large number of...
postreproductive females...
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in contrast to chimps, humans eat foods that...
...this leads to...
...another word for that is...
- require processing
- prolonged period of dependence of the offspring after weaning
- noetonous
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The idea that the presence of a postmenopausal female in human groups increases the survival rate of children and grandchildren.
grandmother hypothesis
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at what age are both chimp and human femlaes stop reproducing?
...then what...?
- 45y
- most chimp females die, many humans live
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what percent of chimps reach menopause?
...humans?...
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the presence of a grandmother in a family group increases her...
inclusive fitness
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why is life expectancy longer in industrial society?...2
...what stays about the same as in foraging society...
- because life expectancy is an average
- there are less infant and child deaths in industrial society
- probablility of living to an old age
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learned, nonrandom, systematic behavior and knowledge. It is transmitted from person to person and from generation to generation, and is the accumulated inventory of ideas, values, beliefs, and manufactured goods
culture
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A collection of parts that are interrelated so that a change in any one part brings about specifiable changes in the others.
system
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where is learned informatio stored?
in the cortex
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...can continue the influence of past generations indefinently, resulting in a continuously increasing amount of concepts and physical products available to humans...
writing
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what often replaces biological alteration in humans?...
cultural innovation
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human have the biological potantial for...3
- culture
- behavioral flexibility
- learning
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the simplest or beginning aspects of culture as seen in some non-human primates...
protoculture
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who wrote "culture is the special and exclusive product of men, and is their distinctive quality in the cosmos.
Alfred Louis Kroeber (1948)
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two genetic behaviors that have been identified bu observing isolated monkeys...
...one learned...
- some vocalizations
- some dominance gestures
- use of cheek pouches
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place where Macaque sweet-potato protoculture evolved...
Koshima Island, Japan
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what happenss when the monkeys carry sweet potatos to the sea to wash them?
...what would happen is this truned out to be a selective advantage?
- they move bipedally
- changes in the frequency of bipedal antomic traits
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How did primatologists identify which chimp behaviors represent learned traditions?...2
- identifing differences between populations
- ruling out ecological factors
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sex based division of labor and language are both...
human universals
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Occurs when some stimulus or message is transmitted and recieved; in relation to animal life, when one animal transmits information to another animal...
communication
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A characteristic of language. Signals, such as words, represent discrete entities or experiences; a discrete signal does not blean with other signals.
discrete
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the four catagories of primate communication
- olfactiory
- tactile
- visual
- auditory
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olfaction is more important for ..2...that for ..2...
- prosimians and NWM
- OWM and apes
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prosimians and some monkeys tend to make sound that are...
nonhuman anthropoids have calls that grade into each other...
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serves as alarm system among gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, rhesus monkeys, and langurs
barking
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sounds that signal distress
screeching and screaming
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sound indicates annoyance
growling
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sounds can convey...3
- mood
- quantitative information
- behavoiral instructions
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A characteristic of language. Refers to the expansionary nature of language, which enebles people to coin new lables for new concepts and objects.
openness
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A characteristic of language. Aword of another unit of sound has no real connection to the thing to which it refers; the meanings must be learned
arbitrary
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The ability to communicate about events at times and places other that where they occur; enables a person to talk and think about things not directly in front of him or her
displacement
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In linguistics, the total number of meanignful units (such as words and affixes) of a language
lexicon
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A set of rules used in used to make up words and then to combine them into larger utterances such as phrases and sentences
grammer
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A small area of the human brain that controls the pronciation of speech sounds
Broca's area
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