MC&L

Interval between the presentation of a stimulus & the initiation of response

• 1 Stimulus - 1 response
• eg. start of a race

• Many Stimuli - Many Responses
• eg. ball may go up, down, left, right

• Catch Trials (warning but no stimulus)
• Vary Foreperiod
• Minimum Reaction Time - 100 ms

• CRT = Identify stimulus and response selection
• SRT = focus of attention is narrower
• SRT = pre-programming is possible

• Reaction time increases as number of choices increases
• Attacking - wants to increase number of choices
• Defending - wants to narrow choices

• Everytime the # of stimulus response pair is doubled, the # of choices goes up by 1.
• eg. 1SR pair = 0 choices
• 2 SR pairs = 1 choice
• 4 SR pairs = 2 chioces
• 8 SR pairs = 3 choices

• attention on location
• response preferation

• reallocating attention
• response supression

• CRT situation where you don't know the exact stimulus and have to react as quickly as possible
• -Seek Advance Information
• -Contextual Cues & Body Language Cues
• -Expectancy Developed
• -Anticipate or Selectively Prepare

• Information about the particular situation
• -Player Preferences
• -Prior Knowledge
• -Location of players on the field
• -Team Strategies
• -Playing Conditions
• -Score in the game

• You have moved BEFORE the event has occured
• -Correct Anticipation:
• --Eliminate RT, Reduce MT
• -Incorrect Anticipation
• --Increase RT, Increase MT

• You get ready, but wait for event to occur before you react
• -Correctly Selectively Prepare:
• --Reduce RT
• -Incorrectly Selectively Prepare:
• --Increase RT

• If fake is expected based on contextual information:
• ---Fast RT - mobolize opponent
• If fake is NOT expected based on contextual info:
• ---Slow RT - freeze opponent

As the Interstimulus Interval (ISI) gets longer, the probability of stopping the reaction decreases

• Relevant Info : Direction
• Irrelevant Info : Location

• *We process Location information very quickly
• ---so we need to supress/inhibit irrelevant information (location)

• People possess a pool of resources for information processing
• Processing on 2 tasks can occur at the same time
• Performance will suffer when the amount of required resources exceeds the amount of available resources
• The allocation of resources can be flexible

• People possess a single mechanism or neural structure for information processing
• Only 1 source of information can be processed at a time
• Processing of other sources of information must be delayed until the 'bottleneck' becomes available

*If two stimuli are very close together in time, the reaction time to the second task slows down*

eg. 2 punches in boxing; the second punch will have a slower reaction time

• PRP - has 2 responses
• Deception - must inhibit fake move and only react to the 1 final move

*Deception is NOT an example of the PRP effect

• *RT increases as tasks get more complicated
• -there are more things to process

• How the complexity of a movement affects RT:
• -*RT increases as response complexity increases*

The more complex the response, the more complicated the memory drum program

Faster movement time to target 1 when you only have to perform one movement

• Error increases as movement increases (if not adjusted)
• In order to hit the 2nd target accurately, need to be more accurate (constrained) at the first target
• Increase in MT2

• Construct movement to both targets prior to response initiation
• Store in short-term memory
• Movement commands to 2nd target are implemented during movement to first target
• Interference at executive level
• Dual-task interference

• Small Targets - time will increase (so small, you have to do one then the other)
• Reversal In Direction

• Practice
• Movement Time
• Accuracy

*about 100 milliseconds*

*People become more dependent on the feedback that is available during practice*

*Practice with visual feedback is MORE important*

• Area under the force = velocity
• ---To make it 2x as fast, you need 2x as much area
• Invariant Features (remains the same)
• 1) Relative Timing
• 2) Relative Force
• Parameters (change)
• 1) Overall Time
• 2) Overall Force

• 1) enhances learning
• 2) enhances motor selection
• 3) enchances deception
• 4) decreases reaction time

• In Phase: the same muscles on each side (homologous muscles) contract simultaneously
• Out Of Phase: homologous muscles contract alternatively

• *In Phase is more stable
• *If you are contracting an arm and a leg, spacial coding is more dominant
• ---2 arms = muscles dominate
• ---1 arm + 1 leg = spacial info dominate

coordination for locomotion is stored in muscles and spinal cord

• Idea of the movement
• Get skill in ballpark
• Large errors
• Varied errors
• Attention demanding
• Dual-task interference

• Refine the skill
• -error detecting (from feel of the movement)
• -error correct
• Smaller errors
• More consistent errors
• Attention demanding

• Fast
• Not attention demanding
• No dual-task interference
• Rule based - to - memory retrieval

????????

• 1) Initial Conditions (eg. slope of the green)
• 2) Movement Commands (eg. force, direction)
• 3) Movement Outcome (eg. long, short, left, right)
• 4) Sensory Consequences (eg. how it felt)

Relationship between movement commands and the outcome

Purpose: to adapt to new situations

• Purpose: enables you to detect your own errors
• --How? : Subjective Reinforcement: Comparison between expected sensory consequences and the actual feedback

Most critical in Associative stage of learning

Expected Sensory Consequences: feeling associated with the correct action (what it should feel like)

Constant: only rehearse 1 variation of a task/skill during a session

Variable: a number or many skills are rehearsed during a session

• Variable practice allows subject to learn a task more effectively in the long run
• - allowed better transfer to a novel task

Variable practice produces a better schema than constant practice

• Blocked: repeatedly rehearse the same task (then move on to another task)
• - you know what you are going to do in the next practice

• Random: perform a number of different tasks in no particular order
• -don't know what's going to happen, so you can't prepare for it

• Early in practice: block is better than random
• Retention: where they don't know what's going to happen

happens in blocked vs random studies

better practice in blocked groups, then better retention in random groups

Random practice leads to better learning

Forgetting leads to reconstruction, which in turn leads to better learning (long term)

• In random practice:
• - person switches from task A to task B
• - forget what they did on task A to concentrate on task B
• - when they have to do A again, they have to generate the plan for the task again

• Attention demand in cognitive stage (beginners) is HIGH
• Attention demand in random practice is also HIGH
• Random practice during cognitive stage = attention overload and interference between movements
• Blocked practice is better in early stages of learning. Once skills are stabilised they can switch to random practice

• Skill changes from trial to trail, the the ordering of the skill doesn't change
• Leads to better learning cuz you don't always know what's coming next
• Behaves like Random

Blocked to Serial to Random

• 1) Task complexity (number of components)
• 2) Task organisation (dependency between parts

• To eliminate burden of repeating the simpler parts of the entire task
• Task is too difficult to grasp as a whole
• Task is potentially dangerous

If a skill has 3 parts (A, B, C) it may be better to practice the skill progressively

• Example:
• -Practice A
• -Practice B
• -Practice A,B
• -Practice C
• -Practice A,B,C

sensory info that normally occurs as a result of individuals producing a movement

can occur outside (exteroception) or from within (proprioception) the body

• Sensory info from outside source
• supplied in addition to intrinsic info
• 2 categories of augmented feedback:
• 1) knowledge of results
• 2) knowledge of preformance

• extrinsic info that tells learners something about the the success of their actions
• provided after the action is completed

• example: Penalty Kick in football
• Did the ball go in? Yes/No

• extrinsic feedback that provides the performers with info about the pattern of the movement
• sometimes referred to as kinematic feedback

example: "that punch was really slow" "you did not lift your knees high enough"

• KR:
• info about outcome in terms of environmental goal
• often redundant with intrinsic feedback
• KP:
• info about movement production/patterning (kinematic)
• usually distinct from intrinsic feedback
• Same:
• Verbal
• extrinsic
• post-response

100% feedback produces less error during practice, but more during retention

50% feedback produced less error at retention because they learn to process their own proprioceptive feedback

• If learner receives augmented feedback after every trial (100%) then it will 'guide the learner to perform the move correctly
• but, as soon as the feedback is taken away, there is poor success because they depended on augmented feedback all the time

• By receiving augmented feedback less frequently during practice, it encourages the learner to engage in more beneficial learning strategies
• -learner doesn't become dependent on augmented feedback

• Cognitive stage: High frequency of feedback
• Associative Stage: reduced amount, so they can develop their intrinsic feedback and to enhance the recognition schema

Feedback given after a series of performance attempts that provides learner with info about each of the attempts together

• Summary of 5 is better than 1 due to the guidance hypothesis
• Summary of 5 is better than 10/15 dut to too much info and too long of an interval

• The more complex a skill, the shorter the summary interval should be (more feedback)
• also early in learning should have shorter summary interval