Describe the two main points Darwin made in his book, The Origin of Species.
mechanism for evolution
species diversity is a product of evolution.
Why were Darwin’s ideas on evolution so
revolutionary?
Define gradualism vs.
catastrophism.
Gradualism- cheange in earth over long periods of time.
Capastrophism- theory of fossil formation by catastrophe.
What was wrong with Lamarck’s
theories on evolution?
Species change at the population level, not the individual level.
Describe the theory of inheritance of acquired traits (also called “use and disuse theory”), who
incorporated it into his theories, and give an example as discussed in
class.
is that if the organs are used, they will stay as the trait, if not than it will disappear.
this was lamarch's theory. ex: giraffe.
Which location did Darwin visit that
was pivotal in his developing his theory on evolution?
Galapagos.
What did Darwin realize from looking at the
Galapagos finches?
artificial selection was accounted for the different types of finches.
Why did Darwin get the credit for
evolutionary theory vs. Wallace?
He has been working on it for more than a decade.
True or False:
According to Darwin’s book, evolution explains life’s unity and
diversity.
true
True or false: Natural selection is the result of adaptive
evolution.
false
What is the tree of life? How does it fit with Darwin’s views on life?
Darwin envisioned the history of life as a tree. branching points represent the origins of new lineages; branches that do not reach the hope, represent extinct groups.
Darwin’s logic in his book can be
summed into several inferences based on 5 observations. What are they and what do they mean?
- most organisms produce more than one or tow offspring.
-populations do not increase in size indefinitely.
-food and other resources are limited for most populations.
- Individuals within populations exhibit variability in many characteristics.
- Many variations have a genetic that is inherited by subsequent generations.
What is artificial selection? Give 2 examples as discussed in class.
process of improving organisms by selective breeding.
ex; dogs, cats, annimal husbandry farming.
Describe how natural selection is the mechanism
by which species evolve.
What is artificial
selection?Give 2 examples as
discussed in class.
.....
True or false: Evolutionary theory provides a
cohesive explanation for many kinds of observations.
true
Define: Homology, analogy,
comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, vestigial organs and give
examples of each.
Homology - similar in structure and form and has a common ancestor. EX bertibrate fore limbs.
analogy- similar in function only. EX. birds and bat wings.
comparative anatomy-
comparative embryology- has shown embryos from major groups developmentally similar. Ex. Gill pouches in humans and fish.
vestigial organs and give
True or false:
Humans are more closely related to chickens than to pigs.
False
True or false:
Humans are more closely related to chimpanzees than to monkeys.
True.
How does biogeography play into
the theory of evolution?
True or false: natural selection acts on
individuals, but only populations evolve.
true
What is microevolution? What type of variation contributes to evolution?
genetic variation within a population.
What is the smallest unit of
evolution?
population
population - individuals of a species living in the same time and place. natural selection- differential survivorship or reproduction of individuals with different genotypes. sexual selection- choice of mates based on their pheotypes and genotypes, does not directly affect allele freqencies, but usually prevents genetic equilibrium. gene pool- all alleles at all loci in a population genetic drift- random changes in allele frequencies caused by chance events; reduces genetic variation, especially in small populations, can eliminate alleles. bottleneck effect- reduction in alleles due to population reduction. founder effect- due to a few individuals starting a new population. microevolution- genetic variation within a population genotype frequency- p^2 +2pd+ q^2 = 1 allele frequency- P + Q= 1 mutation- spontaneous heritable variation in DNA, major source of heritable varaiation.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem?
What do p, q, p2, q2, 2pq stand for? What is the difference between p and p2?
prove that evolution does not occur.
p^2= homo dominant
2pq= heteroqygous
q^2= homo recessive
Name 5 conditions for non-evolving
populations in the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem.
-no mutation
-no migration
-population infinte in size
-all genotypes free of selection
- random mating with respect to genotype
Know the 2 Hardy-Weinberg formulas and
be able to figure out all the variables involved in the formula if I give you one allele or one genotype frequency (practice questions in your lab manual and
like those in lecture).
easyyy
True or false: Hardy-Weinberg Theorem describes a
population where allele frequencies change regularly.
False.
Name 3 major factors that alter allele
frequencies and bring about evolutionary change.
Understand how the bottleneck effect
can increase our understanding of how human activity affects other species.
True or false: Gene flow tends to reduce
differences between populations over time.
true
Name 3 modes of selection and how do
they apply to a population of white and black mice?
directional selection- favors individuals near one end of phenotypic spectrum.
stabilizing selection- favors indiviuals with intermediate phenotypes.
-disruptive selection- favors individuals with exreme phenotypes.
How are recessive alleles “hidden” in
a population?
cause the are rare now.
Genetic variation is due to what 2
factors?
True or false: Genetic drift reduces genetic
variability within populations.
True or false: Not all populations have a genetic
structure.
