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Locomotion using four limbs, with hands and feet movinh on a surface such as the ground or the top of a branch or tree.
quardupedalism
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Posture with the body held parallel to the ground.
pronograde
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A form of quadrupedialism in which the animal is walkng along a branch, grasping with both hands and feet.
branch running and walking
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A form of quadrupadialism that takes plac on the ground as opposed to in the trees.
ground running and walking
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Locomotor pattern involving extensive use of the hands, but not the tail, in leaping in a basically quadrupedal animal.
Old World semibrachiation
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Locomotor pattern involving extensive use of hands and prehensile tail, to suspend and propel the body in species otherwise quadrupedal.
New World semibrachiation
-
Locomotor pattern in which the animal moves slowelyand cauciously without leaping.
slow climbing
-
Vertical posture
orthograde
-
anthropologists compare the fossil record with the anotomical features, chromosomes, proteins, and DNA of living primates to comstruct the...
...hypothetical common ancestors of contamporary primates.
-
the five basic forms of quadrupedialism...
- branch running and walking
- ground running and walking
- Old World semibrachiation
- New World semibrachiation
- slow climbing
-
Tarsiers and many Prosimmians what kind of posture?
...as they do what kind of locomotion?...
- orthograde (upright)
- vertical climbing and leaping
-
monkeys' main locomotor pattern...
quadrupedalism
-
apes' main locomotor behavior...
suspensory behavior
-
A method of of locomotion in which the animal clings vertically to a branch and moves between branchesby leaping vertically from one to another. The animal moves on the ground by hopping or moves bipedally.
vertical clinging and leaping
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Form of locomation and posture whereby animals suspend themselves underneatha branch.
suspensory behavior
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Hand-over hand locomotion along a branch with the body suspended underneath the branch by the arms.
true brachiation
-
Locomotor pattern found among orangutans, who often sespend themselves under branches and move slowely using both forelimbs and hindlimbs.
quadrumanos locomotion
-
Semierect quadrupedialism found in chimpanzees and gorillas, with upper parts of the body supported by knuckles as opposed to palms.
knuckle walking
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A form of locomation founr in humans in which the body is maintained in an upright posture on two legs while moving by means of a heel-toe stride.
erect bipedalism
-
Method of progression characteristic of humans where the heel strikes the ground first; the person pushes of the big toe.
heel-toe stride
-
The length of the humerus and radius relative to the length of the femur and tibia.
intermembral index
-
three changes from generalized quadruped skeleton to specialized horse skeleton (for high-speed running)
- no clavicle (scapula attaches to ribcage)
- fused radius and ulna
- 5 digits became a hoof
-
three retained generalized quadruped skeletal traits in the primate...
- retained clavicle
- five digits (fingers)
- rotatable forearms (radius and ulna)
-
trunk of quadrupadal monkeys...4
- held pronograde
- long and narrow
- more lumbar vertebrae
- relatively flexible
-
trunk of hominoids...4
- held orthograde
- short and broad
- fewer lumbar vertebrae
- relatively inflexible
-
sholder girdle of quadrupedal monkey...2
- scapula on the side of the trunk
- head of humerus pointing backward
-
Sholder girdle of hominoid...2
- long clavicles extand backwards
- so scapula lies on the back
- humerus head points inward
-
Hominoid scapula...
- relatively shallow
- greater rotation than monkeys
- (ancestral) suspensory behavior
-
quadrupedal monkey intermembral index...1 + explaination
- nearly 100 (or slightly less)
- (limbs of nearly the same length, or slightly longer legs)
-
intermembral index formula...
humerus+radius/femur+tibia
-
ape intermembral index...
greater than 100
-
A curve that forms in the lumbar region of the spine in humans.
lumbar curve
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In humans, the largest muscle of the body; acts as an extensor, extending the leg in running and climbing.
gluteus maximus
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Muscles that move a part of the body away from the midline of the body.
abductors
-
2 muscles of the pelvis that in monkeys and apes acts as extensors, but in humans acts as abductors.
- gluteus minimus
- gluteus medius
-
A muscle that straightens out the bones about a joint.
extensor
-
The length of the radius relative to the length of the humerus.
brachial index
-
The length of the tibia relative to the length of the fumur.
crural index
-
A grip in which an object is held between the fingers and the palm with the thumb reinforcing the fingers.
power grip
-
A grip in which an object is held between one or more fingers with the thumb fully opposed to the fingertips.
precision grip
-
facilitates habitual erect bipedalism in humans, (as opposed to chimps bent knees)...
locking knee joint
-
human pelvic modifications...2
...why?...
- shortened, broadened ilium
- new position of sacrum
- shift weight more directly to legs
-
new position of human sacrum...
closer to the point of articulation between the femur and the pelvis
-
in apes, all three gluteus muscles act as...
...which one is largest in chimps?..
-
in humans, which two gluteus muscles act as abductors?
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
-
human intermembral index...(pg. 167)
...brachial index...
...crural index...
-
humerus/radius*100
brachial index
-
femur/tibia*100
crural index
-
specialized features of human foot...4
- fairly infexible
- limited grasping
- arch
- short toes
-
why does the human thy extend downwards at an angle?
to put the knees closer together directly under the body.
-
what have the spider monkey and the colobus monkey (semi-brachiators) both lost?
thumbs
-
features of primate hands...5
- pentadactalism
- hairless palm
- epidermal ridges
- nails
- dense nerve endings (tactile pads)
-
In cattarhines, the saddle configuration between the carpal and metacarpal allows for an...
opposable thumb
-
all primates are capable of this kind of grip...
power grip
-
for fine manipulation; the animal holds an object between the thumb ans fingers...
precision grip
-
stone tools; the earliest archeological materials date...
2.5 m.y.a.
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