ARE Site Planning and Design

pond thats designed to hold water indefinitely. it always maintains a certain capacity of water.

low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of water while slowing draining to another location.

also know as "crime prevention through enviornmental design"(CPTED) - the idea that crime and deliquency can be controled and mitgated through environmental design and building design. (it relates an individuals environment to his expectation of crime in the community)

• territorial - the idea that ones home is sacred.
• natural surveillance - residences ability to see whats happening.
• image - physical design to impart a sense of security.
• milieu (environment) - other features that may affect security (ie proximity to police, substation or busy commercial area)

trend toward the restoration of community and concern for a more sustainable environment. (walkability is key, mixed use)

CNU (congress of new urbanism) started in 1993. architects peter calthrope, andres duany, elizabeth moule, stefano polyzoide, peter katz.

a pipelike construction of concrete that passes under a road to allow drainage.

a small dam, which can be either temporary or permanent, built across a minor channel, swale, bioswale, or drainage ditch

(they reduce erosion and gullying in the channel and allow sediments and pollutants to settle)

They also lower the speed of water flow during storm events

check dam

a low dam built across a stream to raise its level or divert its flow

weir

1920s Western Europe

efforts to industrialize craft traditions

bauhaus - concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology

lecorbusier, mies vander rohe, walter gropius

used in the context of zoning regulations and describes the time in which a property owner has to relocate when the property's use constitutes a pre-existing nonconforming use under zoning regulations

amortization

-reform movement in north american arch and urban planning

-1890's and 1900's

-the intent of using beautification and monumental grandeur in cities to counteract the perceived moral decay of poverty-stricken urban environment

- related with beaux----arts architects like daniel burham and white arts architects like daniel burham and white city(columbian exhibition

It is when you designate certain areas to be repaired or restored at a later date, under a later contract

to withdraw from use or service and keep in reserve : put aside

mothballing

test to determine the max. practically-achievable density of soils and aggregates.

Typically the system uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define and describe the boundaries of a parcel of land. The boundaries are described in a running prose style, working around the parcel in sequence, from a point of beginning, returning back to the same point

"patterns" that alexander believe's must be present in order for an environment to be pleasing, comfortable, or in their words, "alive."

An underground permeable material through which water flows

• -compact forms with smaller surface area possible relative to the volume
• -large south facing windows, small windows on the east and west, minimal windows on the north
• -interior materials with a high thermal mass
• - summer shading for glazed areas
• -dark colors for the building exterior

• -plan rectangular buildings with long direction on east-west axis, facing slightly to the east.
• -provide shade in the summer, allow the sun to fall on glaing and building in the winter.
• -use south facing openings to capture winter sunlight
• -plan for cooling effects of the wind in the summer, block the wind in the winter
• -use medium colors for the building exterior

• -provide shade for all openings
• -maximize natural ventilation with large openings, high ceilings, and cross ventilation.
• -construct buildings with light materials, minimize thermal mass.
• -use light colored materials for building exterior

• -use compact forms with the smallest surface area possible relative to the volume.
• - minimize opening sizes
• - provide shade for openings.
• -maximize thermal mass.
• -use light colors for building exterior.

runoff

additional stormwater that does not seep into the ground

• 1. sheet flow - water that drains across a sloping surface
• 2. ground swales - built into the landscaping

• 1% to 1.5%
• 1% is acceptable for smooth surfaces

catch basin

(large storm sewer systems require man holes which are located where the pipe changes direction or every 500')

run off coefficient

invert

the lowest elevations of the existing public sewer line

.5% to 2% depending on the size of the pipe (a greater slope is required for smaller pipes)

10% to 15% for short distances with a min 1/4"/ft for drainage from the center of the roadway (crown)

1/4"/ft

24'

12' to 14'

9'x19'

96" wide (1/4"/ft slope must be maintained)

36"

5'

2% to 3% (5% max.)

portion of radiant energy that is reflected as it falls on a surface

• 0 albedo - all energy is being absorbed
• 1 albedo - all energy is being reflected

albedo

protected root zone (PRZ) which is usually below the dripline (area directly below the branches of a tree)

meridians

north-south running lines

parallels

east-west running lines

24

checks

6 miles sq. (divided from a check which is 24 miles)

43,560 sqft

• a township that runs east-west is called a township
• a township that runs north-south is called a range

36 (1 sq mile each)

behavior of sound, light or other waves, when they encounter a barrier or pass through a small opening.

diffraction

• perimeter
• access and parking
• on-site security
• building envelope

an entrance with 2 secure gates with a small waiting area between them.

ex: like at the old ghetto washington mutual bank.

• the reduction in noise in decibles from a point source using N=(f/565)(A+B-d)
• f is the frequency of the sound
• d is the distance of the acoustical line of sight from the source of the sound to the receiver
• A+B is the shortest path around the barrier

6db, doubles

cistern

where rainwater is collected and stored

dampproofing

control of moisture that is not under hydrostatic pressure

• admixtures (reduce strungth of concrete, but make it less permeable to water)
• bituminous coatings (asphalt or coal tar materials applied to the exterior side of the foundation wall.
• cementitious coatings (1 or 2 coats of portland cement mortar trowled over a surface)
• membranes (built up layers of material)

control of moisture and water that is subject to hydrostatic pressure.

waterproofing

• Excavation or dredging
• SEAR - surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation
• Pump and treat
• Solidification and Stabilization
• In situ oxidation
• Soil vapor extraction

removal of pollution or contaminants from soil

soil remediation

• started at a cross roads of two main street
• irregular layout
• organized around a church and market
• walled

• temple and agora (market) as the center of city
• typically walled

• paid more attention to aesthetics of urban design
• focused on points of interest

• christopher wren (london)
• georges-eugene haussmann (paris)

creating civic spaces around a pinwheel arrangement of streets

turbine square

a core with "belts" or "rings" greenbelt at the outermost belt

ex: letchworth 1903 and welwyn garden city 1920

introduced by tony garnier 1917, included seperate zones for residential , industrial and argiculture linked by paths.(first plan to emphasize the idea of zoning)

regularly planned public open spaces and uniform spacing and set backs of buildings.

grouped classical buildings symmetricaly around formal courts of honor, reflecting pools and large promenades. it started the city beautiful movement. included broad tree lined parkways and streets

idea that new communities can be built away from crowding and existing cities (sprawl?) were supposed to be autonomous centers including housing, shoping and business around a greenbelt.

promotes the creation and restoration of diverse, walkable, compact, vibrant, mixed-use communities composed of the same components as conventional development, but assembled in a more integrated fashion, in the form of complete communities

• 1.Walkability
• 2. Connectivity
• 3. Mixed-Use & Diversity
• 4. Mixed Housing
• 5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design
• 6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure
• 7. Increased Density
• 8. Smart Transportation-
• 9. Sustainability
• 10. Quality of Life

• grid
• star
• field
• satellite
• megalopolis

relvolves around a urban core

has no central focus or overall aparent organization

(ex: los angeles)

• central core with other major cores surrounding it
• outter cores are connected by a beltway
• often starts out as a star pattern

when two or more urban centers are near eachother and they grow together (as the space between is developed)

the quality of a physical environment that gives a high probability of evoking a strong image in the mind of a given observer

inageability

• paths
• edges
• districts
• nodes
• landmarks

centers of interest that people can enter

places of interest that people can not enter

(ex: tower, monument)

a large piece of land that limited the intrusion of the automobile

• chandigarh, india (corbusier)
• brasilia, brazil (niemeyer)

• Houses and placement of houses
• streets
• Sidewalks and pedestrian ways

refers to the number of people per unit of area. refers only to a ratio.

spaces that tend to bring people together

sociopetal

spaces that discourage interaction or social contact

sociofugal

• intimate distance - physical contact to about 6"-18"
• personal distance - 1.5' to 2.5'
• social distance - 4' to 12'
• public distance - 12' +

land development dependant on (or affected by) some surrounding base population within a region.

(building a school in an area based on the number of children. data is usually collected by census.)

catchment area

• slope
• contours
• natural and artificial features
• property boundries
• existing buildings
• utility poles
• roads
• trees

vertical distance between adjacent contour lines

countour interval

G=(d/L)x100%

• 0%-4% - useable for all types of intense activity
• 4%-10% - suitable for informal movement and outdoor activity and can be built on easily
• 10%+ are difficult to climb or use for outdoor activity, expensive to build on
• 25%+ erode easily, expensive to build on

7.48 gallons

coconut

The number forty is the only number that, in the English language, has all of its letters in alphabetical order

vomit

awesome!

50 years

6' to 8' below grade

mixture of mineral and organic material

grainsize

• gravel - 2mm + diameter
• sands - 0.05mm to 2mm diameter
• silt - .002mm to 0.05mm diameter
• clay - under .002 mm diameter

smooth and floury when dry, plastic and sticky when wet

grains are invisible but can be felt as smooth

• excellent for construction loads and drainage
• excellent for sewage drain fields
• unsuitable for landscaping

• stable when dry or damp but unstable when wet.
• swells and heaves when frozen and compressed under a load
• generally building foundations extend below it

• expands when wet and is subject to slippage
• poor for foundations (unless it can be kept dry)
• poor for landscaping
• unsuitable for drainage

• excellent for landscaping
• unsuitable for building foundations

• local
• collector
• arterial
• expressway

• lowest capacity
• provide direct access to building site

(ex. 5518 cahalan drive)

• connect local streets to arterial streets
• not intended for through traffic
• intersections of local and collector roads may be controlled by stop signs

(ex. cahalan avenue)

• collector and arterial intersections controlled with stop lights
• major continuous circulation routes
• carry large amounts of traffic on 2 or 3 lanes
• usually connect expressways
• parking on them is typically not allowed
• direct access from arterial streets to building sites should be avoided

(ex. san tomas expressway)

• limited access roads designed to move large volumns of traffic
• intersections have ramp systems
• pedestrian access is not allowed

150'

names of how roads are laid out

10%

• ideally be seperate from automobile and ped access
• loading docks generally 10'-12' wide and 40' long with 14' vertical clearance
• min turning radius of 60'

unbroken mixture of clay, sand and gravel

(it is a good base for buildings)

hardpan

soft rocks with fine texture

slate and shale

rocks that have broken off bedrock

boulders

solid rock that forms the earth's crust

bedrock

(highest bearing capacity of all soil types)

measure of the density of granular soils and consistency of some clays.

standard penetration test (SPT)

differential settlement

against a foundation wall to relieve pressure (hydrostatic). water forced against the wall loses it pressure with it encounters the matting and drips to the drain tile.

a gravel layer can be placed below the slab. waterproofing membrane and drain tiles can be used if there is a significant water problem

• drainage - can increase strength of soil, prevent hydrostatic pressure
• fill - unusable soil removed and replace. needs to be compacted (proctor test)
• compaction - if existing soil only requires compaction
• densification - on site comopaction using vibration o dropping heavy weights and filling the voids with sand.
• surcharging - loading the soild with fill material (ex. gravel) to settle the soil. material is removed before constuction begins.

max angle for changing grades without using retaining walls

borings and test pits

• strength tests of bearing capacity
• resistance to lateral pressure
• slope stability
• compressibility
• grain size
• specific gravity

trenches dug that allow visual inspection of the soil strata. only can be dug to about 10' deep.

raise samples of the soil by using a auger bit (can not penetrate hard obstructions)

water jetted through pipe that forces material up (samples are mixed and hard to analyse) good test for hard soils.

building a platform on a site and placing loads in it observing settlement.

• allowable soil bearing pressure
• reccomended foundation type to use

• put additional loads on structural elements
• makes waterproofing difficult

trenching

• rough grading is done prior to construction
• finish grading is done after (landscaping, typ top soil)

• shoring - vertical beams (soldier beams, wide flange) and horizontal timbers (brest boards, cribbing) uses wales and tie backs
• bracing - vertical sheeting supported by a continuios wale which is supported by a diagonal brace, supported by a heel

method to temp. support existing foundations while being repaired

allows stomwater to run directly into the storm sewer.

every 20' with control joints every 5'

• reduce stormwater runoff pollutant loads
• discharge volumes
• peak flow discharge rates

larger cost index/lower cost index= x.x then multiply that number by the expected const cost

occurs when the effective stress of a soil is reduced to essentially zero, which corresponds to a complete loss of shear strength.

soil liquefaction

some fine-grained soils lose and subsequently regain approximately 99% of their inherent shear resistance to sliding as they absorb or lose water.Significantly plastic soils can be transformed from as solid, to a putty-like and ultimately fluid-like state byadding water to the matrix of the soil. In the languageof geotechnical engineering increasing the moisturecontent of a plastic soil reduces the soil’s shearresistance to sliding. High plasticity soils (soils mostsimilar to high quality pottery clay) turn into stickymud when mixed with water

plasticity

right of one party to use a portion of land of another in a particular way

• types of easements
• 1.utility
• 2. access
• 3. support
• 4. joint use
• 5. scenic
• 6. conservation

legal right of a person to traverse land belonging to another. (ex. streets, sidewalks)

provisions that restrict the use of property by the buyer.

(to maintain desired uniformity)

• affirmative covenant - requires the buyer to perform a specific duty in the future
• conditional convenant - the title to the porperty goes bact to the original owner is the restrictions in the deed are not followed.

www.moretrench.com

in position.

in regards to soil remediation

This technique, as the name implies, is the extraction of contaminants in vapor form from soils above the water table by applying a vacuum through a system of wells installed near the contamination source to pull vapors to the surface. SVE is appropriate for contaminants that tend to volatilize or evaporate more readily. Air sparging is often used in conjunction with soil vapor extraction to increase air flow in the unsaturated zone and thus improve the rate of removal of the contaminants.

Air sparging involves the injection of contaminant-free air into a subsurface saturated zone. This enables hydrocarbons to transfer from a dissolved state to vapor which is then vented through the unsaturated zone.

Permeable reactive walls are passive systems that allow groundwater to flow through specified treatment media. Contaminants in the groundwater react with the medium and are degraded, precipitated or absorbed.

Chemical oxidation is a process by which oxidants (typically hydrogen peroxide or potassium permanganate) are introduced into the contaminated medium through a well or other method. The oxidants act to either destroy the contaminants or convert them to inert compounds.

Dual Phase Extraction (DPE) systems apply a strong vacuum to the subsurface through screened recovery wells. The technique simultaneously removes groundwater and free-phase petroleum hydrocarbons, which are then collected and treated. DPE systems can enhance groundwater and product recovery rates, particularly in layered, fine-grained soils.

how a developement will affect the environment, including the AIR, WATER, LAND, WILDLIFE. Also other affects from neighboring buildings (glare, blocking sunlight etc)