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Ecology
The study of interactions between living things and their environment.
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Photosynthesis
The conversion of light energy to chemical energy which produces a carbohydrate and oygen.
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Where does photosynthesis occur?
In plants and some bacteria, but not animals or fungi.
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What are the rectactants of photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 12H2O
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What are the products of photosynthesis?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6H2O
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Photosynthesis occurs in what percent of land plants and water plants?
- 40% land plants
- 60% water plants
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Where does Carbon Dioxide enter plants?
Enter through openings called stomata.
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What regulates stomata cell openings?
Guard Cells.
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Less than 1% of this is in the air.
Carbon dioxide
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What enters through the stomata and exits the stomata?
Carbon dioxide enters the stomata and water exists the stomata.
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Where does photosynthesis occur on a plant?
Chloroplasts
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Thylakoids
Disk -like membrane structures covered with chlorophyll pigment.
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Stroma
Thick fluid inside chloroplasts.
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Part of Photosynthesis takes place in the What?
Thylakoids and stroma.
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True or False. Light and Dark reaction happens with Photosynthesis.
True.
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How does light energy occurs?
Light energy occurs in wavelengths.
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What wavelengths visible light does photosynthesis occur?
Blue and red wavelengths.
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How are wavelenghts lights determined?
Frequency of waves determines light color.
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Where does light reaction occur?
It occurs in thylakoids.
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In the light reaction what transport electrons, creates oxygen?
NADPH.
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Where does the dark reaction occur?
In the stroma.
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In the Dark Reaction, if CO2 is limited occurs in the stroma.
Photorespiration.
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C3 Plants
- Closed stomata to conserve water when hot
- Can cause photorespiration to occur.
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C4 Plants
- Example: Corn
- Avoid respiration
- Contain enzyme PEP
- can make sugar when stomata are almost closed
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Cam Plants
- Example: Cacti and orchids
- Open stomata only at night
- Carbon stored as acid
- Day acid converts to CO2 for photosynthesis
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Aerobic
- Needs air
- C6H12O6 +6O2 --- CO2 + H2O + ATP
- 1 Glucose -- 36 ATP
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Anaerobic
- Without air no oxygen
- ex: happens in your muscles
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What does fossil fuel and deforestation do to the atmosphere?
- Adds more carbon dioxide
- Increases temperature
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True or False. CO2 has increased in the past 50 years.
True.
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Photosynthesis converts CO2 to what product?
O2
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What is the byproduct of respiration?
CO2
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What are the effects of global warming?
- Rise in sea levels
- Global melting of glaciers
- Loss of habitat for temperature sensitive species
- More severe storms
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The effects of global warming on C3 plants.
Increased growth with increased CO2 levels. Gives C3 plants an advantage over C4 plants.
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What are factors that can have an effect on plants?
- Moisture availability
- Climatic extremes( Flood/Drought)
- Soil nutrient availability
- pests and diseases
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True or False. Some plants may develop more stomata in response to elevated CO2.
False. Less stomata in response to elevated CO2. Increases temperature.
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What are some methods of reducing CO2 in the atmosphere?
- Plant forests
- Reduce plowing of agriculture fields
- Genetic engineering
- Store in geologic features
- Inject into oceans
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Population
All the individuals of a species in a given area.
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What are ways to measure the size of a population?
- Basic census
- Mark recapture
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Basic Census
All individuals counted
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Mark-recapture
Some individuals trapped, marked, released, note number of marked individuals in later captures.
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What determines population size?
- Immigration
- Reproduction
- Emmigration
- Mortality
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What is a clumped population?
High densities in resource-rich areas, low densities elsewhere.
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What is a uniformed population?
Spacing between individuals tend to be equal.
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What is a random population?
No compelling features pushing individuals together or apart.
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Example of exponential growth.
Human population. J-shaped.
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What was the growth rate of human population 2000 years ago?
0.1% per year.
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What was the human population growth rate by 1750?
2% per year.
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What is the current population growth rate now?
1.2% per year. 77 million people per year.
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What are populations limited by?
Environmental resources: food, water, shelter, and space.
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Carrying capacity
Max number of individuals that can be supported indifinitely in a given environment.
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Density-dependent factors
- Factors that increase with population size.
- Limited food supply, increased risk of disease, increase in waste levels.
- Can cause decrease in birth rates, increase in death rates, or both.
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Density-independent factors
- not influenced by population numbers.
- Droughts, temperature extremes, natural disasters.
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Demographic momentum
- Time lag between when humans reduce birth rates and when population growth begins to slow.
- example: childrens grow and have children.
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