Solutions and Colligative Properties

Capable of being dissolved

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase

the dissolving medium in a solution

The substance dissolved in a solution

When the particles are so large that they settle out unless the mixture is constantly stirred or agitated

Particles that are intermediate in size between those in solutions and suspensions

When light is scattered by the particles in a colloid

A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current

A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct electricity

• 1) Increasing that surface area of the solute
• 2) Agitating a solution
• 3) Heating a solvent

The physical state in which the opposing processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at equal rates

A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute

A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution

A solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution under the same conditions

The amount of that substance required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature

The solution process with water as the solvent

Liquids that are not soluble in each other

Liquids that dissolve freely in one another in any proportion

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid

The rapid escape of a gas from a liquid in which it is dissoleved

A solute particle that is surrounded by solvent molecules

Little change in liquid or solid solubility, but increases solubility in gases

An increase in temperature decreases the solubility of gases, but mostly increases the solubility of solids in liquids

The net amount of energy absorbed as heat by the solution when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent

A measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution

The number of moles of solute in one liter of solution

The concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

The separation of ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolves

Includes only those compounds and ions that undergo a chemical change in a reaction in an aqueous solution

Ions that do not take part in a chemical reaction and are found in solution both before and after the reaction

Ions are formed from solute molecules by the action of the solvent

Any compound whose dilute aqueous solutions conduct electricity well; this is due to the presence of all or almost all the dissolved compound in the form of ions

Any compound whose dilute aqueous solutions conduct electricity poorly; this is due to the presence of a small amount of the dissolved compound in the form of ions

Properties that depend upon the concentration of solute particles but not on their identity

One that has little tendency to become a gas under existing conditions

• 1) Vapor-pressure lowering
• 2) Freezing-point depression
• 3) Boiling-point elevation

The freezing-point depression of the solvent in a 1-molal solution of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solution (1.86 C for water)

The difference between the freezing points of the pure solvent and a solution of a nonelectrolyte in that solvent, and it is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solution

The boiling point elevation of the solvent in a 1-molal solution of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute (0.51 C for water)

the difference between the boiling points of the pure solvent and a nonelectrolyte solution of that solvent and it is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solution

Allows the passage of some particles while blocking the passage of others

The movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from the side of lower solute concentration tot he side of higher solute concentration

the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis