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In comparison to other mammals, what do you have have a lot of and why?
- increased amounts of sulci and gyri to increase surface area
- humans have association areas which take primary info and further develop it
- this is not strictly due to enlarged motor or primary sensory areas
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What makes up the striatum?
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What makes up the lentiform nucleus?
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What makes up the corpus striatum?
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
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What makes up the basal ganglia?
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
- amygdala
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What makes up the claustrum?
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
- anygdala
- subthalamic nucleus
- substantia nigra
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What makes up the paracentral lobule?
junction of pre and postcentral gyrus coming together on the medial surface
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What is the precuneate?
continuation of the parietal lobe
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What is the cuneate?
- lower visual field from opposite side
- is above the calcerine sulcus
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What is the lingual gyrus
- upper visual field
- below the calcerine sulcus
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What make up the walls of the 3rd ventricle?
thalamus and hypothalamus
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What occurs at the optic chiasm?
retinal nasal fibers cross
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What is the fornix?
where a bundle of fibers from the temporal lobe and hipppocampal region wrap across the dorsal aspect of thalamus before descending and terminating in the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamsus
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What occurs with subthalamic nuclei lesions?
movement disorders characterized by contralateral hemiballisimus (violent or ballistic) or choreiform (jerky)
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What is the septum pellucidum?
a thin tissue between the fornix and corpus callosum
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What are the thalamic nuclei: VPL and VPM, associated with?
somatosensory
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What are the thalamic nuclei- VL/VA associated with?
basal ganglia and cerebellum
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What are the thalamic nuclei MGB and LGB associated with?
inferior/superior colliculi
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What are the thalamic nuclei- intralaminar and midline associated with?
paleospinothalamic and projections throughout the cortex
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What are the three classifications of thalamic nuclei?
- relay nuclei
- association nuclei
- nonspecific nuclei
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What is the significance of relay nuclei?
they have fairly well defined afferent and efferent groups
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What is the significance of association nuclei?
- they have broader efferent outputs associated more with limbic system
- ex: emotional tone, primitive behaviors like eating behavior, sexual reproduction
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What is the signficance of non-specific nuclei?
has widespread projections- specifically intralaminar nuclei and associations with paleospinothalamic pathways
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What forms the medial and lateral boder of the inter medullary lamina?
- medial border: 3rd ventricle
- lateral border: internal capsule
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What forms the gray matter of the cerebral cortex?
- archiocortex (3 layers)
- neocortex (6 cellular layers)
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What/where makes up the archicortex?
- "old"
- lies deep and close to midline
- has 3 cell layers
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What makes up the neocortex (basic)?
- "new"
- 6 cellular layers deep
- occupies vast majority of cortical region
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What makes up the hippocampal fomration and what is its purpose?
- hippocampus + dentate gyrus
- archicortex wrapped around eachother
- important for storage/retrieval of memory
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What is the fimbria of the fornix?
- it brings axons out of the hippocampal region and go around in the a big loop passing directly superior to the thalamus
- important for memory and emotion
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What are the cell layers of the neocortex and their make up?
- molecular layer: mostly neuropil
- external granular layer: stellate cells
- external pyramidal layer: small pyramidal cells
- internal granular layer: stellate cells
- internal pyramidal layer: large pyramidal cells
- multiform layer: multiple cell types
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What layer of the neocortex do cells from the VPL and LGB project to?
internal granular layer
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What is the difference between INTRAcortical and INTERcortical ares of white matter?
- intracortical: are association fibers, they connect one area of the cerebral cortex to another region (communication within hemispheres)
- intercoritcal: are commisural fibers, they start on one side of the cerebral cortex and end on the other side (communication between hemispheres)
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What are projection fibers?
- they start in the cerebral cortex and travel down to lower regions passing through the IC
- corticofugal fiber system
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Where do primary sensory cortices receive information from and what are the different types?
- from the sensory thalamus (VPL/VPM, LGB/MGB)
- carry somatosensory, auditory, and visual sensory experiences
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What is the purpose and where is the somatosensory cortice?
- tactile, some pain and temp
- primarily contralateral output
- parietal lobe
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What is the purpose and where is the auditory/vestibular cortice?
- awareness of sound intensity and sound pitch
- head movement and position relative to gravity
- bilateral input
- superior temporal gyrus
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What is the purpose of the visual cortice?
- light/dark, objects (horizontal/vertical lines), shape
- contralateral input
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Where does the anterior limb of hte internal capsule lie?
between the caudate head and lentiform nucleus
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Where does the posterior limb of hte internal capsule lie?
between the lentiform nucleus and the thalamus
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What is at the intersection of the anterior/posterior limbs?
bend/genus
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What are the 4 pathways the thalamus sends info to the cortex?
- superior thalamic radiation
- anterior thalamic radiation
- posterior thalamic radation
- inferior thalamic radiation
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Where does the superior thalamic radiation send information to and from?
from the thalamus to the cortex and then terminates in layer 4 of the neocortex
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Where does the anterior thalamic radiation send information to and from and what does it associate with?
- from thalamus to frontal lobe, passing thru the anterior limb of the IC
- associates with emotional, tone behavior connections (or the frontal lobe which is a component of the limbic system)
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Where does the posterior thalamic radiation send info to and from and whats another name for it?
- optic radiation
- from LGB to primary visual cortex
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Where does the inferior thalamic radiation send infor to and from and what's another name for it?
- auditory radiation
- from MGB to superior temporal gyrus in the primary auditory cortex
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What is the purpose of sesnory association cortices?
- allows for a richer sensory experience
- puts meaning to our sensory experiences by integrating color, tone, language, textures, and memory comparisons
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Why do all the sensory association areas begin to come together?
- so when you see, hear, or feel something, you can put some sort of meaning to it
- ex. you hear something and then can look for something or you see something and then you can ascribe some touch meaning to it
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What does damage to the primary somatosensory cortical area cause?
loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception
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What does damage to the primary auditory cortical area cause?
loss of localization of sound
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What does damage to the primary vestibular cortical area cause?
change in awareness of head postion and movement
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What does damage to the somatosensory association area cause?
astereognosis (the inability to identify an object by touch)
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What does damage to the visual association area cause?
visual agnosia
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What does damage to the auditory association area cause?
auditory agnosia
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What is the purpose of the primary motor cortex?
- contralateral fine movements
- fractionation
- LAS
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What are the different areas of the primary motor cortex and their purpose?
- supplemental area: initiation of movement
- premotor area: axial and girdle mm
- brocas area: speech (non-verbal communication)- primarily in dominant hemisphere
- frontal eye fields: volitional (directed) gaze
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What does damage to the primary motor cortex cause?
- loss of motor control, spastic dysarthria
- contralateral paralysis with damage to primary motor area
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Damage to what two areas in the motor cortex causes apraxia?
premotor area and supplementary motor area
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What does damage to Broca's area (dominant hemisphere) cause?
expressive non-fluent aphasia
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What does damage to the frontal eye fields cause?
- force gaze to same direction; tracking of objects affectedd
- irritation force gaze away from affected side
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What is the purpose of the prefrontal association?
- goal oriented behavior
- self awareness
- emotional control
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What is the purpose of the parietotemporal association?
- parietal, temporal and part of occipital lobe come together
- sensory integration
- problem solving
- understanding language
- spatial relationships
- in dominant hemisphere- take auditory input and ascribe meaning and language to it
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What is the purpose of the limbic association?
- emotion
- motivation
- processing of memory
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What does damage to the dorsolateral profrontal association cause?
losse of executive functions and divergent thinking
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What does damage to the parietotemporal association in the dominant hemisphere cause?
Wernicke's aphasia
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What does damage to the parietotemporal association in the non dominant hemisphere cause?
neglect or difficultly understanding nonverbal communication
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What does damage to the limbic association cause?
disturbance of personality and emotions
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What are the for main Brodmann areas?
- primary motor cortex
- primary somatosensory cortex
- primary visual cortex
- primary auditory cortex
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Where is the anterior commissure and what is its purpose?
- inferior and middle temporal gyri, olfractory areas
- brings smell sensation from one side to the other side
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Where does the posterior commisure lie and what is its purpose?
- preoptic nuclei
- connects visual areas associated with the tectum
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What commissure is associated with the pupillary light reflex and visual convergence?
posterior commissure
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What does the habenular commisure help more with?
habenular nuclei- part of the epithalamus
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What is the purpose of the corpus callosum, and what are its parts?
- connects the hemispheres (rostrum, genu body, and splenium)
- anterior forceps/posterior forceps
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How does the corpus callosum work- where does info go, what if it's damaged?
- see something in L hemisphere --> R occipital lobe --> through posterior forceps to L side --> association fibers bring it to the language area to be named
- if posterior foceps are damaged, see something in L visual field --> R occipital lobe --> then can't identify object because it can't go through posterior forceps to be named on L side
- if seen in the R visual field, can still be named because doesn't have to cross
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What is considered the language dominant hemisphere?
left
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What is agnoisa?
damage to areas that transmit image over to language center and prevent language from naming it
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What do short association fibers connect?
connect adjacent fibers
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What are the long association fibers and what do they connect?
- superior longitudinal fasiculus: connects occipital lobe to frontal lobe
- inerior longitudinal fasiculus: connects temporal to occipital
- arcuate fasiculus: connects primary auditory region to language region to primary motor region (broca's)
- cingulum: septal area, cingulate, & parahippocampal gyri
- unicate fasiculus: orbital frontal gyri to temporal lobe
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Damage to which long association fibers causes aphasia?
arcuate fasiculus
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What is the difference between fluent and non-fluent aphasia?
- Fluent/receptive aphasia: affects primary auditory cortex (wernickes); have a fluent response but doesn't make sense
- Non-fluent/Expressive aphasia: affects primary motor cortex (brocas); can understand but can't physcially get response out
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What is the difference between dysarthria and aphasia?
dysarthria: hoarsness, damage to CN IX, X
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What are projection fibers?
arise from layer 5 of the cortex and pass inferiorly through the cortex as they are fanned out (corona radiata)
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How is the cortical function organized?
- in precentral gyrus in the primary motor strip
- face is lateral --> fingers --> UE --> trunk --> knee --> toes
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